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COMD 3200 > Chapter 1 Language Development > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Language Development Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

A complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication.

Orally communicated through Speech
Manually communicated through signed system

Inner language – thoughts or ideas

Written language

A single dimension of human behavior that consists of 3 interrelated domains; content, form, and use.

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

Free or bound.

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3
Q

referent

A

The aspect of the world to which the word refers

the relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.

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4
Q

communication

A

the process of sharing information such as thoughts, feelings, and ideas among two or more people.

Three basic purposes

  1. To request
  2. To reject
  3. To comment
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5
Q

Modularity

A

theory of cognitive science that considers how the human mind is organized within the structures of the brain.

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6
Q

modules

A

regions of the brain developed to process specific types of information.

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7
Q

domain specific

A

can process only very specific types of informaton such as depth perception within the visual system.

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8
Q

domain general

A

carry out very general tasks like memory and resoning as well as domain-specific modules that execute very specific types of tasks.

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9
Q

specific language impairment

A

hard time with verb conjugation. -ed 4-5 yrs old

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10
Q

speech

A

medium for sharing language
*neuromuscular process by which humans turn language into sound signal and transmit it through the air to a reciever

Resporation, phonation, resonation, and articulation

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11
Q

model

A

a way to represent an unknown event on the basis of the best current evidence governing the event

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12
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning

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13
Q

international Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

an international set of symbols that represnts all of the phonemes of the world’s languages

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14
Q

Model of speech production

A

1- Perceptual target (brain thinking)
Abstract representation of speech sound stream is produced: /m/ /a/ /m/ /a/

2-Motor schema (planning stage)
Neurological brain systems produce a rough plan of the abstract representation. General instructions are fed forward in syllable chunks to muscle groups involved
with speech: /ma/ /ma/

3-Speech Output
Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward. Articulators and oral cavity are manipulated to produce /mama/.

4-Feedback

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15
Q

locked-in syndrome

A

when an individual has completely intact language and cognitive skills, but is unabel to preform any coluntary movements with the exception of eye movement

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16
Q

Acoustics

A

study of sound

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17
Q

Sound Fundamentals

A 
1-Creation of a sound source
2-Vibration of Air Particles
3-Reception by the ear
   outer, middle, and inner ear
4-Comprehension by the brain
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18
Q

frequency

A

pitch. #of cycles per second

How fast the particles move back and forth

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19
Q

intencity

A

loudness

How far apart the particles move

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20
Q

speech perception

A

how the brain processes SPEECH and language

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21
Q

auditory perception

A

how the brain processes ANY type of auditory information

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22
Q

coarticulation

A

the overlapping of phonemes during human speech

/k/ coffee /k/ coop produced differently

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23
Q

communication

Model of Communication

A

the process of sharing information such as thoughts, feelings, and ideas among two or more people.

Sender = FORMULATION ( putting thoughts
together) involves language

 TRANSMITION=(and sharing them with    
        others )              involves speech

Reciever = RECEPTION (takes in information)
involves hearing

         COMPREHENSION (making sence of         
                   the information)
                                  involves language

Three essential components

A sender to formulate and transmit message

A receiver to receive in comprehend message

A shared symbolic system

FEEDBACK

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24
Q

symbolic /referential communication

A

when an individual communicates about a specific entity (an object or event), and the relationship between the entity and its referent (word) is arbitrary. This type of communication is not limited by space or time. For example when an infant says “bottle” to request something to drink, the relationship between the word “bottle” and its referent is arbitraty.

25
Q

preintentional communication

A

communication in which other people assume the relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent.

Example: a cat’s pur and an infant’s cry Others mush infer what is being communicated

26
Q

intentional communication

A

relativly percise in its intent and relationship between the communicative behavior and its referent is not arbitrary.

27
Q

Iconic communication

A

form of intentional communication

Clear relationship between the message and its referent.

28
Q

Oral commuication

A

combination of speaking and listening

29
Q

Linguistic feedback

A

the use of speech or vocalizations to relay information to the sender about his or her message.

30
Q

nonlinguistic / extralinguistic feedback

A

the use of eye contact facial expression, posture and proximity

31
Q

paralinguistic feedback

A

the use of pitch, loudness, and pausing all of which are superimposed over the linguistic feedback.

32
Q

communication breakdowns

A

misunderstanings between the sender and reciever

33
Q

Purposes of communication (7)

Table 1.1

A

1- INSTRAMENTAL -used to ask for something
2-REGULATORY used to give directions and to direct others
3-IINTERACTIONAL- used to interact and converse with others in social ways
4-PERSONAL- used to express a state of mind or feelings about something
5- HEURISTIC- used to fing out information and to inquire
6- IMAGINATIVE- used to tell stories and to role-play
7- INFORMATIVE- used to provide an organized description of an event or object.

34
Q

Major Domians of language (3)

A

1-Form
2-Content
3- Use

35
Q

Form

A

how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged
PHONOLOGY- rules that govern sounds
MORPHOLOGY- rules that govern how
sonunds can be organized into
words.
SYNTAX- rules that govern how words can
be organized into sentances.

36
Q

allophones (form)

A

the subtle variations of phonemes that occur as a result of contextual influences on how phonemes are produces in different words. /P/ pop are both produced differently

37
Q

phonotactics (form)

A

rules governing how sounds are organized in words. /g/ is never followed by /s/ or /l/

38
Q

Morphoogy (form)

A

rules of language governing the internal organization of words.

39
Q

Syntax (form)

A

the rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences

40
Q

Semantics (content)

A

the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations

41
Q

Pragmatics (use)

A

the rules governing language use for social purposes, and is a sunonem for the term “social communication”

42
Q

phonology (form)

A

rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words.

43
Q

Content

A

meaning of language- the words used and the meaning behind them

44
Q

lexion (content)

A

our vocabulary system

45
Q

contextualized (content)

A

focused on the here and now. immediate context

46
Q

decontextualized (content)

A

not relying on the immediate context, or setting, to convey content.

47
Q

acquisition rate

A

how fast language is learned

48
Q

critical period (sensitive period)

A

the window of opportunity during which children develop language most rapidly and with the most ease. Birth-puberty.

49
Q

universality

A

the idea that all people around the world have a cognitive infrastructure that they apply to the task of learning language.

Way in which children learn language and the time points of achieving certain milestones is fairly invariant across the world language communities

50
Q

species specificity

A

only humans use language to communicate.

Animal language is more iconic/intentional meaning they make sounds.

51
Q

semanticity / displacement

A

allows people to represent events that are decontextualized or removed form the present- to share what happened before this moment or what may happen afer this moment

52
Q

arbitrary

A

a property of human language; describes the notion that there is no relationship between a referent and the language used to describe it.

53
Q

productivity

A

the principle of combination and spcifically the combination of small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations

54
Q

responsiveness

A

the proptness, contingency and appropriatenss of cargiber responses to children’s bids for communication through words or other means

55
Q

Remarkable features of language

A

Rate of acquisition

Universality

Species specificity

Semanticity

Productivity

56
Q

Language differences

Five variables

A 
dialect 
Bilingualism
Gender
Genetic predisposition
Language learning environment
57
Q

Dialect

A

Natural variations of a language that evolve within specific culture or geographic boundaries.

Variations affect form content and use.

58
Q

Comorbidity

A

Two disorders that are occurring at the same time.

Language disorder is secondary to developmental disability. This is true for intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.

59
Q

Social communication disorder

SCD

A

Pragmatic communication disorder related to ASD

Historically individuals with SCV have been referred to as having high functioning autism but now is considered separate from autism

COMD 3200 (9 decks)

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