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PSYC 302 > Chapter 8 - Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

8.1 Endogenous Rhythms

Define endogenous circannual rhythm. Give an example. (2)

A

-An internal rhythm that follows the year/seasons
-Example: birds know when to fly back North, even if they’re kept in a cage

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2
Q

8.1 Endogenous Rhythms

Define endogenous circadian rhythms. Give an example.

A

-internal rhythm that corresponds to a 24 hour cycle
-Example: humans get internal cues on when to sleep, eat, when we have more energy etc

-circadian rhythms affect much more than just waking and sleeping, we have circadian rhythms for eating, drinking, urination, hormone secretion, metabolism and sensitvity to drugs

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3
Q

8.1 Setting and Resetting the biological clock

Define zeitgeber. List them. (2)

A

-stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm
-light is the most dominant, activity, arousal of any kind, meals, and temperature of the environment

-note that social stimuli is not a zeitgeber

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4
Q

8.1 Setting and Resetting the biological clock: Jet Lag

What is phase-delay and phase-advance? (2)

A

-phase delay is when you go to bed later and wake up later
-phase-advance is the opposite

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5
Q

8.1 Mechanisms of the biological clock: the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Define the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Where is it in the body?

A

-the main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature, it is located above the optic chiasm (it gets its name from this)

-after damage to the SCN, the body’s rhythms becoe erratic

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6
Q

8.1 Mechanisms of the biological clock: the suprachiasmatic nucleus

What evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself? (2)

A

-SCN cells produce a circadian rhythm of activity even if they are kept in cell culture isolated from the rest of the body.
-Also, when hamsters received transplanted SCN neurons, their circadian rhythm followed the pattern of the donor animals.

-the SCN generates circadian rhythms itself in a genetically controlled manner.
-the rhythm follows the pace of the donor not the recipient

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7
Q

8.1 Mechanisms of the biological clock: how light resets the SCN

How does light reset the biological clock? Where do the axons comprising that path originate from and what do they respond to? (2)

A

-A branch of the optic nerve, the retinohypothalamic path,
-The axons comprising that path originate from special ganglion cells that respond to light by themselves and have their own photopigment, even if they do not receive input from rods or cones.

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8
Q

8.1 Mechanisms of the biological clock: how light resets the SCN

People who are blind because of cortical damage can still synchronize their circadian rhythm to the local pattern of day and night. Why?

A

-If the retina is intact, melanopsin-containing ganglion cells can still send messages to the SCN, resetting its rhythm.

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9
Q

8.1 Mechanisms of the biological clock: the biochemistry of the circadia

How do the proteins TIM and PER relate to sleepiness in Drosophila? Explain their concentration throughout the day, evening and night. How do they stop producing? (4)

A

-The proteins TIM and PER remain low during most of the day and begin to increase toward evening.
-They reach high levels at night, promoting sleep.
-They also feed back to inhibit the genes that produce them, so that their level declines toward morning.
-light activates a chemical that breaks down the TIM protein, increasing wakefulness and synchronizing the internal clock with the external world

-mammals have three versions of the PER protein and several proteins closely related to TIM and the others found in flies

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10
Q

8.1 Mechanisms of the biological clock: melatonin

What other areas of the brain does the SCN regulate waking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in? Define the structure

A

-pineal gland: endocrine gland located posterior to thalamus, releases melatonin

-melatonin is found in almost all animals, in diurnal animals it increases sleepiness and in nocturnal animals it increases wakefulness

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11
Q

8.1 End of module quiz

Workers on certain submarines work 6 hours, relax 6 hours, and then sleep 6 hours. After weeks on this schedule, what happens to their circadian rhythm?

A

-It continues producing the usual 24-hour rhythm.

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12
Q

8.1 End of module quiz

For most young adults, what happens to mood as a function of time of day?

A

-Mood tends to be most pleasant in late afternoon or early evening.

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13
Q

8.1 End of module quiz

What evidence most strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?

a) Damage to the SCN disrupts the circadian rhythm.

b) SCN cells isolated from the body continue to produce a circadian rhythm.

A

b) SCN cells isolated from the body continue to produce a circadian rhythm.

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14
Q

8.1 End of module quiz

Light can reset the SCN’s rhythm even after damage to all rods and cones. Why?

A

-The SCN receives input from ganglion cells that respond to light.

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15
Q

8.2 Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness

Contrast a sleep with a coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state and brain dead. (5)

A

Sleep: is a state that the brain actively produces, by decreased activity and decreased response to stimuli
Coma: is extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke or disease and have low brain activity and no response to stimuli
Vegetative state: alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, the person shows no awareness of surroundings or purposeful behavior, but may show an ANS response to painful stimulus
Minimally conscious state: is one stage higher with brief periods of purposefull actions and limited amount of speech comprehension
Brain death: has no brain activity and no response to any stimulus

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16
Q

8.2 Stages of sleep

What is a polysomnograph? What does it record?

A

-it records both EEG and eye movement

-EEG is like recording the sound in a stadium, you dont get individual stuff but you will be able to hear trends

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17
Q

8.2 The stages of sleep

What are alpha waves? What are they characteristic of? (2)

A

-type of brain wave that occur at a frequency of 8-12 per second
-characteristics of relaxation, not of all wakefulness

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18
Q

8.2 The Stages of Sleep

How many stages of sleep are there? Describe the order they go in. (2)

A

-4: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1, NREM stage 2, NREM stage 3 and REM
-N1 to N2 to N3, then after about an hour you go back to N2 then REM and this sequence repeats with each cycle lasting about 90 minutes

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19
Q

8.2 The Stages of Sleep

Describe the first stage of sleep? NREM stage 1, When does it happen? What does the EEG show? How does it compare to other stages? (3)

A

-when sleep has just begun
-the EEG has irregular, jagged, low voltage waves
-brain activity is less than wakefulness, but higher than in other sleep stages

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20
Q

8.2 Stages of Sleep

Describe stage 2. What are the prominent characteristics of it?

A

-deeper sleep than N1 and has sleep spindles and K-complexes

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21
Q

8.2 Stages of sleep

What are sleep-spindles? What are they the result from? Why do they increase in number? (3)

A

-burst of 12-14 Hz waves for a least half a second
-result from oscillating interactions between cells in thalamus and cortex
-they increase after new learning and the number of sleep spindles is positively correlated with improvements in certain types of memory

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22
Q

8.2 Stages of sleep

What is the K-complex?

A

-sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing

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23
Q

8.2 Stages of sleepq

Describe the NREM stage 3 (N3). What is it called and what is it characterized by? (2)

A

-slow-wave sleep
-characterized by decreased heart rate, breathing rate and brain activity and slow, large amplitude waves

-slow waves indicate that neuronal activity is highly synchronized

24
Q

8.2 Stages of sleep

What do large, slow waves on an EEG indicate?

A

-Large, slow waves indicate a low level of activity, with much synchrony of response among neurons.

25
Q

8.2 Paradoxical or REM sleep

How did the name paradoxical sleep come about?

A

-Michel Jouvet removed cats cerebral cortex and noticed during apparent sleep, the cats’ brain activity was relatively high but their neck muscles were completely relaxed

-he also recorded this in normal cats

26
Q

8.2 Paradoxical or REM sleep

How did REM sleep get discovered simultaneously to paradoxical sleep?

A

-scientists were measuring eye movements but usually turned the machine off at night with the assumption the eyes didn’t move. they eventually noticed that eye movement occurred during sleep.

-researchers use the term REM for humans but often prefer the term paradoxical sleep for species that lack eye movements

27
Q

8.2 Paradoxical or REM sleep

Describe REM Stage 4 sleep. What do EEG show? How is the paradox shown in humans? (3)

A

-the EEG shows irregular, low-voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity
-REM sleep is light and similar to stage 1 because of its EEG
-however, the postural muscles are more relaxed during REM, thus it is deep sleep

-REM sleep combines aspect of light and deep slight and features that are difficult to classify as deep or light

28
Q

8.2 Paradoxical and REM sleep

During which part of a night’s sleep is REM most common?

A

-REM becomes most common toward the end of the night’s sleep.

29
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

List the brain structures that contribute to arousal and attention.

A

-reticular formation: pontomesencephalon
-locus coeruleus
-hypothalamus: histamine, orexin and basal forebrain

30
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

Discuss how the reticular formation and pontomescenphalon. Where do these structures lie? what do they do?

A

-reticular formation is a network of neurons located in brainstem
-pontomesencephalon is part of brainstem and reticular formation, and produces some inhibitory and some excitatory messages

31
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

How does the pontomesencephalon produce cortical arousal; through sleep and through wakefulness (what NT)? (2)

A

-GABA which promotes slow-wave sleep
-acetylcholine, glutamate or dopamine is released which produces arousal in thalamus, hypothalamus and basal forebrain

32
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

Where is the locus coeruleus and what does it do in regards to arousal and attention? What NT does it release? What does it increase and what does it enhance? (5)

A

-small structure in pons
-bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events (emotionally arousing events)
-releases norepinephrine
-increases the activity of the most active neurons and decreases the activity of less active neurons
-enhaning attention and memory

-called gain

33
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

How does the hypothalamus play a role in wakefulness/attention/arousal? What three routes does it have? (2)

A

-it has some neurons that produce wakefulness and some that produce sleep
-three different routes: histamine, orexin, regulating the basal forebrain

34
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

The hypothalamus releases histamines, what does this do?

A

-enhances arousal and altertness

35
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

What is orexin, released by the hypothalamus, necessary for?

A

-staying awake

36
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

What role does the basal forebrain, which is regulating by the lateral hypothalamus have?

A

-it has cells that increase wakefulness and some that inhibit it

37
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep: brain structures

What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who lacked orexin?

A

-Someone without orexin would alternate between brief periods of waking and sleeping.

38
Q

8.2 Brain mechanisms of wake: Sleep and the inhibition of brain activity

How do we remain unconscious in spite of sustained neuronal activity?

A

-through inhibition, during sleep, axons that released GABA (inhibitory) are more active, stopping the spread of information fomr one neuron to another

-when stimulation doesn’t spread through the brain, you don’t become conscious of it
-sometimes this inhibition is stronger in one brain area than in another

39
Q

8.2 Brain activity in REM sleep

What areas in the brain increase in activity during REM

A

-pons, limbic system and parts of the parietal and temporal cortex

40
Q

8.2 Brain activity in REM sleep

What areas in the brain decrease during REM?

A

-prefrontal cortex, the motor cortex, and the primary visual cortex

41
Q

8.2 Brain activity in REM sleep

What are PGO waves?

A

-high-amplitude electrical potentials that occur during REM

42
Q

8.2 Sleep disorders: sleep Apnea

What kind of people are most likely to develop sleep apnea?

A

-Sleep apnea is most common among people with a genetic predisposition, old people, and overweight middle-aged men.

43
Q

8.2 Sleep disorders: Narcolepsy

What is the relationship between orexin and narcolepsy?

A

-Orexin is important for staying awake. Therefore, people or animals lacking either orexin or the receptors for orexin develop narcolepsy, characterized by bouts of sleepiness during the day.

44
Q

8.2 Sleep disorders: periodic limb movement disorder

What is periodic limb movement disorder

A

-repeated involunatry movement of the legs and sometimes arms during sleep

45
Q

8.2 Sleep disorders: REM behavior disorder

What is REM behavior disorder?

A

-people with this move around vigorously during their sleep, like they’re acting out their dreams

-mice deficient in GABA and other inhibitory NT often show this

46
Q

8.3 Functions of sleep: sleep and energy conservation

How does sleep play a role in energy conservation? Give a few clear examples (2)

A

-sleep conserves energy during inefficient times when activity would be wasteful
-your body decreases in temperature which saves energy and muscle activity decreases

-energy conservation is considered the original reason for the development of sleep

47
Q

8.3 Functions of sleep

What are the functions of sleep?

A

-rest our muscles, decrease metabolism, perform cellular maintenance in neurons, reorganize synapses and strengthen memories

48
Q

8.3 Functions of sleep: stop and check

What might one predict about the sleep of fish that live deep in the ocean?

A

-The deep ocean, like a cave, has no light and no difference between day and night. These fish might not need to sleep because they are equally efficient at all times of day and have no reason to conserve energy at one time more than another

49
Q

8.3 Functions of sleep stop and check

What kind of animal tends to get more than the average amount of sleep?

A

-Predators get much sleep, and so do species that are unlikely to be attacked during their sleep (such as armadillos).

50
Q

8.3 Functions of sleep: stop and check

How does weakening synapses during sleep improve memory?

A

-Weakening the less active synapses enables the strengthened ones to stand out by contrast.

-sleep improves cognition and memory

51
Q

8.3 Functions of sleep: sleep and memory

How do the patterns compare during sleep to learning? How does sleep enhance memory? (2)

A

-patterns that occurred during sleep in the hippocampus resemble those during learning
-as the brain replays its experiences during sleep it forms new dendritic branches and strengthens the memories

52
Q

8.3 Functions of REM sleep

What species or individuals does REM sleep occupy the greatest percentage of sleep?

A

-individuals and species that sleep the most total hours

-the more hours you sleep, the more REM you have

53
Q

8.3 Biological Perspectives on Dreaming

What is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

-during sleep, the brainstem produces random electrical signals that are not related to external stimuli and the cerebral cortex attempts to make sense of these signals into a story

-dreams are the brains attempt to make sense of the information reaching it, based mostly on haphazard input originating in the pons
-dreams begin with periodic bursts of spontaneous activity in the pons, the PGO waves previously described, that activate some parts of the cortex but not others. The cortex combines this haphazard input with whatever other activity was already occurring and does its best to synthesize a story that makes sense of the information

54
Q

8.3 Biological perspective on dreams: the neurocognitive hypothesis

What is the neurocognitive hypothesis

A

-dreams begin with spontaneous brain activity related to recent memories/events/feelings and help to solve it (through various means like memory consolidation)

-dreams originate mostly from the brain’s own motivations, memories and arousal. the stimulation often produces peculiar results because it does not have to compete with normal visual input and does not get organized by the prefrontal cortex

55
Q

8.3 Biological perspectives on dreams

Use an example of a spider chasing someone through a maze in a dream to compare the activation-synthesis hypothesis with the neurocognitive hypothesis. Compare the meaning and relevance, and emotional and cognitive processing. (2)

A

-The neurocognitive hypothesis suggests the dream has personal significance and relates to the dreamer’s waking life. In this example, the maze may symbol a challenging situation and the spider a fear or stressor. Whereas the activation-synthesis hypothesis views the dream as a meaningless narrative created from random brain activity.
-The neurocognitive hypothesis emphasizes the role of dreams in processing emotions and solving problems like maybe solving the stressor in the spider dream, while the activation-synthesis hypothesis does not attribute any functional purpose to the dream content.

-chat gpt

56
Q

8.3 Biological perspective on dreams: stop and check

According to the neurocognitive hypothesis, why do we have visual imagery during dreams? Why do dreams sometimes make an incoherent or illogical story?

A

-We have visual imagery because areas of the visual cortex other than the primary visual cortex become active, without any input from the eyes. Dreams are sometimes incoherent or illogical because low activity in the prefrontal cortex means poor memory for what has just happened.

57
Q

8.3 Summary Test Questions

When frigate birds spend weeks at sea, what do they do about sleep?

A

-They sleep only in brief episodes, and not much overall.

PSYC 302 (15 decks)

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