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PSYC 302 > Chapter 3 - Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What structures are within the CNS?

A

-the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What structures compose the PNS?

A

-nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

-is the connection between the CNS and the rest of the body

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3
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What is the PNS broken down into?

A

-the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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4
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What does the somatic nervous control?

A

-responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles and sensory perception (CHATGPT)

-part of the PNS that consists of the axons converying messages from the sense organs tot he CNS and from the CNS to the muscles. - textbook

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5
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What does the autonomic nervous system control? What are its two main branches? (2)

-pay attention to the word autonomic

A

-controls involuntary functions like heart, intestines, breathing, and glandular secretion
-sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

Define dorsal and what part of the human brain is considered dorsal? (2)

-AKA as posterior

A

-toward a person’s back
-the top of the brain is dorsal

-opposite of ventral (stomach side)

-a bit confusing for the head because we treat dorsal as a term for animals who walk on four legs, so for humans the top of the head is dorsal, even though it is not the back of the head.

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7
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What is lateral and what is an example? (2)

A

-farther away from midline
-ears are located laterally on head

-toward the side, so away from midline in the side view

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8
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

What is medial and what is an example? (2)

A

-position closer to medial
-nose is located medially on face

-away from side

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9
Q

3.1-1 Terminology to Describe the Nervous System Stop and Check Q Pg 70

Fill in the blank: the bulges in the cerebral cortex are called —-. The grooves between them are called ——-.

A

-gyri and sulci.

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10
Q

3.1-2 The Spinal Cord

Define the spinal cord, what is it part of and to which structures does it communicate?

A

-part of the CNS; it communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head

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11
Q

3.1-2 The Spinal Cord

What are the components of a spinal nerve? (2)

-excluding the inside

A

-Each spinal nerve contains both a dorsal root which converys sensory info and the ventral root which converys motor info.
-cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in bundles that look like a bump on the dorsal root called the dorsal root ganglion

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12
Q

3.1-2 The Spinal Cord

What does gray matter contain?

A

-cell bodies, dendrites, unmyleinated axons and glial cells

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13
Q

3.1-2 The Spinal Cord

What does white matter contain?

A

-myleniated axons

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14
Q

3.1-3 The Autonomic Nervous System

Define the sympathetic nervous system? What is their nickname? What is the structure of the sympathetic nervous system? (3)

A

-a network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity
-fight or flight
-chains of ganglia to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions

-one of two main divisions of autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

3.1-3 The Autonomic Nervous System

What physiological responses are elicited by activation of the sympathetic nervous system? (4)

A

-increased heart rate and blood pressure
-dilation of airways
-mobilization of energy reserves
-redistribution of blood flow to support skeletal muscles.

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16
Q

3.1-3 The Autonomic Nervous System

Define the parasympathetic nervous system. What is it’s nickname? What is it composed of? (3)

A

-system of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body’s organs
-rest and digest
-long preganglionic axons extend from the spinal cord to parasympathetic ganglia close to each internal organ and shorter postganglionic fibers extend from the parasympathetic ganglia into the organs themselves

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17
Q

3.1-3 The Autonomic Nervous System

What neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system? How about the sympathetic? (2)

A

-acetylcholine for para
-norepinephrine

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18
Q

3.1-3 The Autonomic Nervous System

What physiological responses are elicited by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system? (5)

A

-decreased heart rate and blood pressure
-constriction of airways
-stimulation of digestive activity
-promotion of relaxation and restorative functions.
-erection

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19
Q

3.1-3 The Autonomic Nervous System

How do over-the-counter cold remedies affect the autonomic nervous system?

A

-blocking parasympathetic activity or increasing sympathetic activity.

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20
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

A

-hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

-rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephalon

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21
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

What are the components of the hindbrain?

A

-medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.

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22
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

What is the medulla or medulla oblongata? What structures connect with the medulla and control many things? What does it do? (3)

A

-enlarged extension of the spinal cord
-12 pairs of cranial nerves
-parasympathetic output like breathing/heart beating

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23
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

What do the cranial nerves control? What functions specifically? (2)

A

-control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs
-controls vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.

-remember that this is the same thing as the medulla

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24
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

Where is the pons and what does it contain? What is the function of the pons? (2)

A

-lies above the medulla and contains nuclei for several cranial nerves
-acts as a bridge, facilitating the crossing of axons from each half of the brain to the opposite side of the spinal cord.

left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body

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25
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

What is the role of the cerebellum? (2)

A

-known for its contributions to movement control and balance
-patterns, rhythm, replicating movement again and again, tracking things (like a ball during a sports game)

–also plays role in cognitive functions, including attention shifting, timing, and certain types of learning and conditioning.

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26
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

Why can opiates cause a dangerous decrease in breathing and heart rate?

A

-Because opiate receptors, which suppress activity, are abundant in the medulla

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27
Q

3.1-5 The Midbrain

What major structures are within the midbrain?

A

-tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra

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28
Q

3.1-5 The Midbrain

What is the roof of the midbrain called?

A

tectum

-derived from the Latin word for “roof.”

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29
Q

3.1-5 The Midbrain

What are the swellings on each side of the midbrain’s tectum called? What is each important for within sensory processing? (2)

A

-superior colliculus which is important for vision
-inferior colliculus which is important for hearing

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30
Q

3.1-5 The Midbrain

What structures lie beneath the tectum in the midbrain?

A

-tegmentum

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31
Q

3.1-5 The Midbrain

The substantia nigra, another midbrain structure, has what function?

A

-dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement.

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32
Q

3.1-6 The Forebrain

What is the outer portion of the forebrain called? What is it responsible for? (2)

A

-cerebral cortex
-responsible for higher cognitive functions (perception, thought, and decision-making)

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33
Q

3.1-6 The Forebrain

What structures form the limbic system? What is its main job? (2)

A

-olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
-It is important for motivations and emotions (eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression)

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34
Q

3.1-6a The Forebrain: Thalamus

What is the thalamus? What does it act as and what is the exception to this? (3)

A

-pair of structures in the center of the forebrain that processes sensory information and sends output to cerebral cortex
-acts as a relay station for sensory inputs,
-except for olfactory information, which goes directly to the cerebral cortex.

-sensory info goes first here

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35
Q

3.1-6b The Forebrain: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

What does the hypothalamus contain? What behaviours does it control? (2)

A

-distinct nuclei, which play roles in motivated behaviors
-such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, and activity level.

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36
Q

3.1-6b The Forebrain: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland?

A

-partly through nerves and partly by releasing hormones

-altering its release of hormones in response to these messages.

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37
Q

3.1-6b The Forebrain: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

What is the pituatary gland and what is its function? (2)

A

-it is an endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus.
-In response to messages from the hypothalamus, it synthesizes hormones that are carried by the blood to organs throughout the body.

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38
Q

3.1-6c The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

What three major structures does the basal ganglia include?

A

-caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

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39
Q

3.1-6c The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

What does damage to the basal ganglia do?

A

-impairs movement

-Parkinson’s and Huntington’s`

40
Q

3.1-6c The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

-integrate motivational and emotional behaviour to increase the intensity of actions

-its role extends beyond movement and includes learning and habits

41
Q

3.1-6d The Forebrain: Basal Forebrain

What input does the nucleus basalis receive and what output does it send? What is a key function of this structure? (3)

A

-receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia
-sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex.
-arousal, wakefulness, and attention

42
Q

3.1-6e The Forebrain: Hippocampus

What is the hippocampus critical for?

A

-certain types of memories, monitoring where you are and where you are going

43
Q

3.1-6d The Forebrain: Basal Forebrain Stop and Check Q Pg 78

Which are is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?

A

-thalamus

44
Q

3.1-7 The Ventricles

What are the ventricles in the brain?

A

-four fluid-filled cavities within the brain.

45
Q

3.1-7 The Ventricles

What is cerebrospinal fluid? How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced? (2)

A

-a clear fluid similar to blood plasma.
-Cells called the choroid plexus along the walls of the ventricles produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),

46
Q

3.1-7 The Ventricles

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

-cushions the brain against mechanical shock, provides buoyancy, and serves as a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord.

47
Q

3.1-7 The Ventricles

What is hydrocephalus? (2)

A

-condition where the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is obstructed, leading to an accumulation of fluid within the ventricles or in the subarachnoid space,

48
Q

3.2 The Cerebral Cortex

What is the composition of the cerebral cortex? Talk about the outer surface and inner surface. (2)

A

-cells on outer surface are gray matter
-their axons extend inward and are white matter

49
Q

3.2 The Cerebral Cortex

How do neurons in each hemisphere communicate with neurons in the corresponding part of the other hemisphere?

A

-Through two bundles of axons: the corpus callosum and the smaller anterior commissure.

50
Q

3.2-1 Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

What is laminae? In humans and most other mammals, the cerebral cortex contains up to how many laminae? (2)

A

-layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex, separated from each other by layers of fiber
-6

51
Q

3.2-1 Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

How are the cells of the cortex also organized besides laminae? The cells within this structure have what compared to each other? (2)

A

-columns
-cells in a given columb have similar properties to one another

-each column extends through several laminae

52
Q

3.2-2 The Occipital Lobe

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

A

-It is the main target for visual information processing.

53
Q

3.2-2 The Occipital Lobe

What is the posterior pole of the occipital lobe known as? What does damage in this area cause? (2)

A

-The primary visual cortex or striate cortex.
-cortical blindness in the related part of the visual field (if damage is in right hemisphere, the blindness will be in the left visual field)

-because of its striped appearance in cross section

54
Q

3.2-2 The Occipital Lobe

What are the characteristics of cortical blindness?

A

-Normal eyes and pupillary reflexes, but no conscious visual perception or visual imagery, even in dreams.

55
Q

3.2-3 The Parietal Lobe

What sensations does the postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex receive?

A

-Sensations from touch receptors, muscle-stretch receptors, and joint receptors.

56
Q

3.2-3 The Parietal Lobe

How is the postcentral gyrus organized?

A

-It includes four bands of cells parallel to the central sulcus, each representing different parts of the body.

57
Q

3.2-3 The Parietal Lobe

What role does the parietal lobe play in monitoring body position information? What else is it important for? (2)

A

-It monitors information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement.
-also important for numerical information

58
Q

3.2-4 The Temporal Lobe

What is the primary information received and dealt with by the temporal lobe? What else does it do? (2)

A

-Auditory information, like understanding spoken language
-complex aspects of vision including percpetion of movement and recognition of faces

59
Q

3.2-4 The Temporal Lobe

What syndrome can result from temporal lobe damage? What is it? (2)

A

-Klüver-Bucy syndrome
-characterized by reduced fear and anxieties

60
Q

3.2-5 The Frontal Lobe

What are the main components of the frontal lobe?

A

The primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.

61
Q

3.2-5 The Frontal Lobe

What is the function of the Precentral gyrus?

-the precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex

A

-It is specialized for the control of fine movements, such as moving a finger

62
Q

3.2-5a The Frontal Lobe: The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies

What is a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

-surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

63
Q

3.2-5b The Frontal Lobe: Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

What are the three main regiones of the prefrontal cortex?

A

-posterior, middle zone and anterior zone

64
Q

3.2-5b The Frontal Lobe: Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

What is the posterior portion of the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

-movement

65
Q

3.2-5b The Frontal Lobe: Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

What is the middle zone of the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

-working memory, cognitive control and emotional reactions

-working memory is recent events

66
Q

3.2-5b The Frontal Lobe: Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

What is the delayed-response task and who has trouble with it? (2)

A

-when someone sees or hears something then have to respond to it after a delay
-people with damage to the prefrontal cortex

-damage to prefrontal cortex

67
Q

3.2-5b The Frontal Lobe: Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

What is the anterior zone of the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

-making decisions, choosing the best outcome choice

68
Q

3.2-6 How do the parts work together?

What is the binding problem?

-or large-scale integration problem?

A

-how various brain areas create the perception for one object

-how do they coordinate the senses

69
Q

3.2-6 How do the parts work together?

Can researchers fully explain how binding occurs and what is necessary for it to occur? (2)

A

-no
-it occurs if you percieve two sensations happening at the same time and in approx the same place

-think of a ventriloquist

70
Q

3.3: Research methods

What are the four methods we research the brains structure and its relation to its function? (4)

A

-examine effects of brain damage
-examine effects of stimulating a brain area
-record brain activity during behaviour
-correlate brain anatomy with behaviour

71
Q

3.3-1 Effects of Brain Damage

What did the French neurologist Paul Broca disover about a patient in 1861? Why was this significant? (2)

A

-they had damage in their left frontal cortex and had lost the ability to speak
-this was important as it showed different brain areas had different functions

-this area is now known as Broca’s area

72
Q

3.3-1 Effects of Brain Damage

Define an ablation

A

-removal of brain area

-generally with a surgical knife

73
Q

3.3-1 Effects of Brain Damage

Define a stereotaxic instrument

A

-device that is a map for placing electrodes on brain

-it will be placed on brain and damages a target area (useful for resear

74
Q

3.3-1 Effects of Brain Damage

What do researchers do to ensure that the brain damage is causing the behavioral differences rather than the cut and piece missing of the skull?

A

-sham lesion in a control group, all of this without the electrical current

-control group

-any behavioral difference between the two groups must result from the lesion and not the other procedures

75
Q

3.3-1 Effects of Brain Damage

Define transcranial magnetic stimulation. Why is it used? (2)

A

-application of magnetic stimulation to a portion of the scalp to stimule neurons
-it produces a virtual lesion that outlasts the magentic stimulation

-if its brief and mild, it works

76
Q

3.3-2 Effects of Brain Stimulation

If brain damage impairs some behaviour, stimulation show do what?

A

-increase it

77
Q

Effects of brain stimulation

Define optogenetics

A

-using light to control a limited population of neurons

78
Q

3.3-2 Effects of Brain Stimulation

What are the three steps for developing optogenetics? (3)

-clarify how the protein causes excitation and inhibition

A

-find protein that responds to light by producing electrical current (protein can either open sodium channel exciting neuron or open chloride channel, inhibiting it)
-make virus that inserts this protein into neurons
-develop thin optical fibers that shine light onto a narrow target (like a neuron)

-researcher can control excitation or inhib of one type of neuron

79
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

Define an electroencephalograph. What is it useful for? (2)

A

-device that records electrical activity via electrodes
-good for looking at wakefulness and sleep as well as epilepsy

-can range from a few electrodes to hundred, useful for wake and sleep

80
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

What is an evoked potential or evoked response?

A

-when the same device used for an EEG records brain activity in response to stimulus

-useful for infants too young to give verbal answers

81
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

Define a magnetoencephalograph (MEG). What is it good at? (2)

A

-similar to EEG but measures magnetic fields generated by brain activity
-good at showing minute changes in the brain allowing researchers to watch brain activity move

-like EEG, can help figure out location of brain activity

-has excellent temporal resolution

82
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

Define a positron-remission tomography (PET). What is it and what does it do?

A

-provides high resolution image of activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals

-injects glucose containing radioactive atoms, most radioactivity=

most active neurons

83
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

What have most researchers replaced PET scans with because of its price and radioactive element?

A

-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

84
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

What is the difference between a MRI and a fMRI? (1)

A

-fMRI measures energies based on hemoglobin instead of water; determines the brain areas receiving the greatest supply of blood and using the most oxygen

-needs to be compared to something to work

85
Q

3.3-3 Recording Brain Activity

What difficulties arise when scientists attempt to interpret the results of fMRIs? (2)

-even though they give spectacular pictures

A

-individual differences matter, so looking at the mean results will ignore this, each persons brain will respond uniquely
-we cannot be sure that since this person felt an emotion while a particular brain area was active that when that brain area is again active they are for sure feeling that emotion, unless we are sure the area is active only during emotional processing

-you can read someone’s mind to a limited degree

86
Q

3.3-4 Correlating brain anatomy with behavior

What did Gall conclude in the 1800s? What is this called? (2)

A

-people with good verbal memories had protruding eyes so believed an area behind the eyes was related to this
-this is phrenology

87
Q

3.3-4 Correlating brain anatomy with behavior

What is phrenology?

A

-relating skull anatomy to behaviour

88
Q

3.3-4 Correlating brain anatomy with behavior

What is computerized axial tomopgraphy (CAT scan)? How does it work? (2)

A

-dye is injected into blood then head put into CAT scanner
-X-rays passed through the head make picture of brain

-helps detect tumors and other structural abnormalities

89
Q

3.3-4 Correlating brain anatomy with behavior

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI?) and how does it work? (2)

A

-uses a magnetic field and a radio frequency field to make atoms with odd atomic weights all rotate in the same direction and then removing those fields and measuring the energy that the atoms release

90
Q

3.1-4 The Hindbrain

What constitutes the brainstem?

A

-the medulla, pons, midbrain and central structure of the forebrain

91
Q

3.1-6 The Forebrain

What structures does the forebrain include?

A

-cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, cerebral ventricles

92
Q

3.2-3 The Parietal Lobe

What is the central sulcus?

A

-one of the deepest grooves in the surface of the cerebral cortex

93
Q

3.2-5 The Frontal Lobe

What does the prefrontal cortex mostly do?

A

-responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement

94
Q

3.2-5a The Frontal Lobe: The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies

What were the symptoms of a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

-apathy, loss of the ability to plan and take initiative, memory disorders, distractability, loss of social inhibition and a loss of emotional expressions

95
Q

3.3-1 Effects of Brain Damage

Describe the experiment where a researcher looks at the effects of brain damage in animals. How does this experiment work?

A

-a researcher consults a stereotaxic atlas (map) of a species’ brain and then anesthetizes an animal, drills a small hole in the skull, inserts the electrode, and passes an electrical current just sufficient enough to damage that area

-after the death of that animal, the researcher verifies the exact location of the damage

PSYC 302 (15 decks)

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