Chapter 10 - Quiz 4 Flashcards
10.1: Sex and Hormones
When looking at an embryo, what precursor do they have to genitalia?
-both have Mullerian ducts (female) and Wolffian ducts as well as undifferentiated gonads
10.1: Sex and Hormones
What gene causes those undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes?
-SRY gene
-sex-determining region on the Y chromosome
10.1: Sex and Hormones
What do the tests produce? What do they do? (2)
-androgens (more abundant in men)
-increase growth of testes and cause them to produce more androgen
10.1: Sex and Hormones
What happens if someone has no SRY gene? What hormones does this structure produce? (2)
-females do not have it so their gonads develop into ovaries instead of testes and their Wolffian ducts degenerate
-more estrogen and progesterone
10.1: Sex and Hormones
What kind of molecules are androgens and estrogens?
-how many carbon rings
-steroid hormones, containing four carbon rings
10.1: Sex and Hormones
What are the three ways steriod’s exert their effects? (3)
-bind to membrane receptors (like NT) exerting rapid effects
-enter cells and activate certain kinds of proteins in cytoplasm
-bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes
10.1: Organizing effects of sex hormones
What are organizing effects? Give an example? (2)
-produce long-lasting structural effects
-in the first trimester, sex hormones determine whether the body developes female or male genitalia
10.1: Organizing effects of sex hormones
What are activating effects? What is an example? (2)
-more temporary, continuing only while a hormone is present or shortly beyond
-mood changes over the menstrual cycle
10.1: Organizing effects of sex hormones: Sex differences in the brain
What is alpha-fetoprotein?
-hormone that is present in girls that binds to estradiol and prevents it from entering cells
10.1: Activating effects of sex hormones
What does oxytocin do or why is it released? (3)
-contractions during birth
-milk for baby
-after orgasm and sexual pleasure
10.1: Activating effects of sex hormones: males
What two areas do hormones activate that are related to sex behaviours?
-medial preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus
10.2: Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviors
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia? What symptoms does it cause in girls and boys? (2)
-overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth
-causing no effects in males but masculinization of girls
10.2: Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviors
What is androgen insensitivty or testicular feminization?
-cells do not respond to androgens and boys will have external anatomy that looks like girls, until puberty
