Chapter 8: Problem Solving and Reasoning

Question 1

What are the parts of problem solving?

Answer 1

Goals
Obstacles
Strategies
Evaluation of results

Question 2

In _ _ context kids do better than in labs because they have more knowledge of games. (Ceci)

Answer 2

Video game

Question 3

What did Willet do with 6-8 month olds and a cloth?

Answer 3

6 Month olds used cloth as a toy
8 month olds used cloth to get toy (as a tool)

Question 4

Bullock and Lickenhouse discovered that 15 month olds played with blocks _ and 35 month olds followed _.

Answer 4

randomly
instructions

Question 5

What is the oddity problem?

Answer 5

All same but one, young children can do with explicit instruction

Question 6

What are sorting tasks? When can they begin to switch rules?

Answer 6

Make them sort into groups on different rules, 3 year olds can’t switch but 4 year olds can

Question 7

What role does inhibition play in sorting tasks?

Answer 7

Can children actually inhibit saying the old thing?

Question 8

What is the reason young children have poor planning abilities?

Answer 8

Lack episodic future thinking

Question 9

What age can kids start to plan?

Answer 9

Even at 5, but still reluctant as adults.

Question 10

_ year olds can’t plan for a trip, while _ year olds can.

Answer 10

3
5

Question 11

When does object oriented play begin?

Answer 11

After 9 months

Question 12

What is object-oriented play?

Answer 12

active manipulation of objects, like banging them and throwing them on purpose or to build

Question 13

_ use more objects to make noise.

Answer 13

Boys

Question 14

What are affordances of objects?

Answer 14

Relationship between objects and environment.

Question 15

How much of all preschoolers’ behaviour can be described as object oriented play?

Answer 15

10-15%

Question 16

Can non-humans use tools to manipulate the environment? Which ones?

Answer 16

Chimps and gorillas

Question 17

What is Chen and Siegler Lure-retrieval task?

Answer 17

3 trials to get toy until given demonstration.
Have to use specific tool to get toy, then generalize.

Question 18

What is design stance?

Answer 18

Assuming that a tool was designed for a specific purpose. Can lead to functional fixedness.

Question 19

12-18 month olds are functionally fixed with…

Answer 19

Spoons

Question 20

2-3 year olds need only one expose to a tool to stick to…

Answer 20

Design stance

Question 21

Who can do tool innovation?

Answer 21

Not preschoolers

Question 22

Barret found that spoons can’t be used by _ end in 12-18 month olds.

Answer 22

Wrong

Question 23

What is analogical reasoning?

Answer 23

Solving problems with inference (A->b, C->?)

Question 24

What is the relational shift?

Answer 24

We understand objects as relations rather than perception

Question 25

How can knowledge influence analogical reasoning?

Answer 25

It can still be a smart answer, but it can be for personal rather than group reasons

Question 26

How can metacognition influence analogical reasoning?

Answer 26

Not being able to realize my responses are not working, or others think differently than me.

Question 27

59% of 4yr
66%of 5 yrs and
94% of 9 year olds can understand…

Answer 27

Analogical reasoning

Question 28

How do we construct causal maps?

Answer 28

By trying out all the options and seeing what works.

Question 29

Kids _ to figure out causal maps.

Answer 29

Play

Question 30

What is dead reckoning?

Answer 30

Coming back to a start point.

Question 31

What is spatial orientation?

Answer 31

Objects in space with themselves (kids) as the reference point

Question 32

Utall found that cognitive maps allowed kids to find _ _ in _ quicker.

Answer 32

Animal stuffies
Room

Question 33

Our spatial orientation seems to be equal to adults at age _.

Answer 33

10

Question 34

What is spatial visualization?

Answer 34

Visual and mental operations, like rotating a picture or adjusting a tilted object to bring it to an upright position.

Question 35

When can you solve the water-level problem? How about the rotation matching? 3D shape matching?

Answer 35

7, 4-5, adult

Question 36

What is object-location memory?

Answer 36

Playing matches or trucks game.

Question 37

_ year olds dont use good strats during matching game.

Answer 37

5

Question 38

What is Silverman and Eals Hunting-Gathering hypothesis?

Answer 38

Hunting (M): hand eye, better navigation, mental rotation
Gathering (F): Enhanced object-location memory

Question 39

Is the hunting-gathering hypothesis supported? How?

Answer 39

Yes, M>F Space relations and mental rotation
F>M object location and memory

Question 40

What is the Psychobiosocial Model?

Answer 40

Genetic predispositions lead into CNS development to thoughts/behaviours/experiences, to learning and internak changes, back to brain

Question 41

Why do we have the Psychobiosocial model in sex differences in spatial cognition?

Answer 41

Gene, environment and learning, all combining together.