Chapter 8: Problem Solving and Reasoning Flashcards
What are the parts of problem solving?
Goals
Obstacles
Strategies
Evaluation of results
In _ _ context kids do better than in labs because they have more knowledge of games. (Ceci)
Video game
What did Willet do with 6-8 month olds and a cloth?
6 Month olds used cloth as a toy
8 month olds used cloth to get toy (as a tool)
Bullock and Lickenhouse discovered that 15 month olds played with blocks _ and 35 month olds followed _.
randomly
instructions
What is the oddity problem?
All same but one, young children can do with explicit instruction
What are sorting tasks? When can they begin to switch rules?
Make them sort into groups on different rules, 3 year olds can’t switch but 4 year olds can
What role does inhibition play in sorting tasks?
Can children actually inhibit saying the old thing?
What is the reason young children have poor planning abilities?
Lack episodic future thinking
What age can kids start to plan?
Even at 5, but still reluctant as adults.
_ year olds can’t plan for a trip, while _ year olds can.
3
5
When does object oriented play begin?
After 9 months
What is object-oriented play?
active manipulation of objects, like banging them and throwing them on purpose or to build
_ use more objects to make noise.
Boys
What are affordances of objects?
Relationship between objects and environment.
How much of all preschoolers’ behaviour can be described as object oriented play?
10-15%
Can non-humans use tools to manipulate the environment? Which ones?
Chimps and gorillas
What is Chen and Siegler Lure-retrieval task?
3 trials to get toy until given demonstration.
Have to use specific tool to get toy, then generalize.
What is design stance?
Assuming that a tool was designed for a specific purpose. Can lead to functional fixedness.
12-18 month olds are functionally fixed with…
Spoons
2-3 year olds need only one expose to a tool to stick to…
Design stance
Who can do tool innovation?
Not preschoolers
Barret found that spoons can’t be used by _ end in 12-18 month olds.
Wrong
What is analogical reasoning?
Solving problems with inference (A->b, C->?)
What is the relational shift?
We understand objects as relations rather than perception
How can knowledge influence analogical reasoning?
It can still be a smart answer, but it can be for personal rather than group reasons
How can metacognition influence analogical reasoning?
Not being able to realize my responses are not working, or others think differently than me.
59% of 4yr
66%of 5 yrs and
94% of 9 year olds can understand…
Analogical reasoning
How do we construct causal maps?
By trying out all the options and seeing what works.
Kids _ to figure out causal maps.
Play
What is dead reckoning?
Coming back to a start point.
What is spatial orientation?
Objects in space with themselves (kids) as the reference point
Utall found that cognitive maps allowed kids to find _ _ in _ quicker.
Animal stuffies
Room
Our spatial orientation seems to be equal to adults at age _.
10
What is spatial visualization?
Visual and mental operations, like rotating a picture or adjusting a tilted object to bring it to an upright position.
When can you solve the water-level problem? How about the rotation matching? 3D shape matching?
7, 4-5, adult
What is object-location memory?
Playing matches or trucks game.
_ year olds dont use good strats during matching game.
5
What is Silverman and Eals Hunting-Gathering hypothesis?
Hunting (M): hand eye, better navigation, mental rotation
Gathering (F): Enhanced object-location memory
Is the hunting-gathering hypothesis supported? How?
Yes, M>F Space relations and mental rotation
F>M object location and memory
What is the Psychobiosocial Model?
Genetic predispositions lead into CNS development to thoughts/behaviours/experiences, to learning and internak changes, back to brain
Why do we have the Psychobiosocial model in sex differences in spatial cognition?
Gene, environment and learning, all combining together.
