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PSYC 3601-Cognitive Developmental PSYC > Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary developmental psychologists consider connections between _, _ and _.

A

Biology, the environment, culture

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2
Q

What is the basic tenet of evolutionary psychology?

A

The human mind has been prepared by natural selection (still variability though)

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3
Q

Are evolved mechanisms always useful?

A

No, sweet food is abundant now

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4
Q

What are three question evolutionary developmental psychologists may ask?

A

What is the purpose of a behaviour and cognitive operations underlying it?
What problem does a behaviour address?
How does development work and what environments are different for children and adults?

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5
Q

Because domain-specific constraints on learning exist, that suggests there are _ on learning.

A

Constraints

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6
Q

What are the three times of constraints on learning? Example of each?

A

Architectural (V1 area)
Chronotopic (sensitive period)
Representational (Why do we not know all types at once? infants still have math)

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7
Q

What do kids have for information processing domains (2)?

A

Social and ecological information domains

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8
Q

What are the three “folk” knowledge areas that kids have?

A

Folk psych
Folk Bio
Folk Physics

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9
Q

What are the parts of folk psychology?

A

Self, individual and group

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10
Q

The information-processing domains operate _ in different _.

A

differently
environments

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11
Q

What are biologically primary abilities?

A

Acquired universally, and it is intrinsically motivating

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12
Q

What are biologically secondary abilities?

A

They are built around our primary abilities and are culturally determined.

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13
Q

Secondary abilities are not _ and require _ repetition, as well as _ pressure often.

A

universal, tedious, external

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14
Q

Development proceeds as a result of the _ interaction between structure and _ over time.

A

bidirectional
function

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15
Q

What is epigenesis?

A

a gene-regulation activity that does not involve changes to the DNA code, but can persist through generations

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16
Q

Epigenesis the switch or code?

A

Switch

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17
Q

What is the cause for differences in twins?

A

Epigenetic

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18
Q

What can cause epigenetics?

A

learning or trauma

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19
Q

What are the main four levels of Gottlieb Bidirectional influences model?

A

Genetic activity, neural activity, behaviour, environment

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20
Q

What are sensitive periods?

A

Most appropriate time to learn stuff

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21
Q

Lickliter studied _ imprinting in _ quails. They found that _ exposure caused the quails to prefer _ calls or have no _.

A

Auditory, bobwhite, light, chicken, preference

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22
Q

Why did the bobwhite quails who were exposed to light struggle?

A

Light was too much for them to develop their processing

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23
Q

What happens if you don’t develop the skill during the sensitive period?

A

You can gain some of the skill, but will never meet the right time if you’re too early or too late.

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24
Q

What did Scarr and McCartney’s model of behavioural development Look like?

A

Two stacked triangle

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25
Q

What is the double line in the Model of Behavioural development?

A

Phenotype of child and rearing environment of child

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26
Q

What are the four parts of the Model of Behavioural Development?

A

Genotype of Parents, Genotype of Child, rearing environment of child and phenotype of child.

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27
Q

What is the genotype of parent connected to in Scarr and McCartney?

A

Genotype of child and rearing environment of child

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28
Q

What is genotype of the child connected to in Scarr and McCartney’s model?

A

Phenotype of child and rearing environment of child.

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29
Q

What are the three types of of genotype<-> environment effects?

A

Passive, evocative and active

30
Q

What is the passive type of genotype environment?

A

Bio parents provide genes and environment of child

31
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The expression of the gene

32
Q

What is the evocative genotype environment interaction?

A

Temperament of child evokes response from parents.

33
Q

What is the active genotype environment interaction?

A

Children actively seek environments for them

34
Q

Passive effects _ with age

A

Decrease

35
Q

Evocative effects are _ with age.

A

Stable

36
Q

Active effects_ with age.

A

Increase

37
Q

Passive effects are from _ to _.

A

Parent, child

38
Q

Evocative effects are from a _ to the _.

A

Child, world

39
Q

The correlation between adopted siblings goes _ for IQ. From what to what?

A

Down (to 0)
.25-.39 to 0

40
Q

Correlation between IQs for dizygotic twins goes _. To what ranges?

A

Down
60-75 to 55

41
Q

Brain growth is _ early in life.

A

Fast

42
Q

The structure of our brains are the same as…

A

All other animals with brains

43
Q

Human brains are _ than expected for our bodies.

A

bigger

44
Q

Humans have more _ neurons.

A

Cortical

45
Q

Human cortexes are _.

A

Bigger

46
Q

What specific parts of our brains are bigger?

A

Neocortex and frontal lobe

47
Q

Proliferation or _ happens _.

A

Neurogenesis, prenatally

48
Q

Neurogenesis can also be called _.

A

Mitosis

49
Q

Migration happens _.

A

Prenatally

50
Q

_ happens from birth to death in the brain.

A

Synaptogenesis.

51
Q

What is another word for synapogenesis?

A

Differentiation

52
Q

What does differentiation actually mean?

A

Getting jobs, happens at different parts of life

53
Q

What is cell death and synaptic pruning?

A

Dying brain connections and cells because not useful

54
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death

55
Q

What is the order of mylination?

A

Sensory->Motor->integrative

56
Q

The _ cortex develops before the _ cortex.

A

Visual, prefrontal

57
Q

What are experience-expectant processes?

A

We are wired for certain experiences (language)

58
Q

With experience-expectant synaptogenesis, _ causes impairement.

A

Deprivation

59
Q

What are experience-dependent processes (synaptogenesis)?

A

Read well, secondary skills after primary learnng, communicate.

60
Q

The prefrontal cortex, limbic system does not work in _.

A

Adolescents

61
Q

Kids may do drugs because their limbic system isn’t mature. Explain?

A

They are lacking dopamine.

62
Q

The frontal lobe, which allows for object _, is not fully developed at birth.

A

Permanence

63
Q

Inhibition seems to be stored in the _ lobe. It isn’t developed young, which allows for _ not _ error.

A

Frontal
A not b

64
Q

What is the Kennard effect?

A

Earlier brain damage, greater likelihood of recovery.

65
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

Brain change, you change

66
Q

Children seem to recover better from brain damage that effects…

A

More broad processes

67
Q

Adults recover better from brain damage that effects _ functions.

A

Functions

68
Q

Specific skills come back better for_ more than _.

A

Kids, adults

69
Q

General skills come back better for _ more than _.

A

adults, kids

70
Q

Biology is a _ of the picture, not _.

A

Part, everything

PSYC 3601-Cognitive Developmental PSYC (13 decks)

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