Chapter 4: Infant Perception and Cognition Flashcards
William James thinks there is no _ without _.
Sense, experience
What are three reasons William James was wrong that babies know nothing?
They can taste, smell and they need touch, those are required from birth
What is the problem with implicit methods and babies?
There is no problem, behaviour possibly displays cognition.
What is an explicit research method? Problem with babies?
Talking or pressing buttons, must be choice, babies cannot do it
Babies controlled their _ in DeCasper and Spences experiment
sucking
What did DeCasper and Spence find?
Babies can hear and remember in utero
Babies prefer passages their mother read _.
In-utero
Who created the visual preference paradigm?
Fantz
What are the three things babies prefer in visual attention tasks?
Faces, high contrast, language
What is the habituation/dishabituation paradigm?
First, you get a kid to experience something and get used to it, then you change it and see if they notice the change
Habituation and dishabituation requires _ and _.
Memory and discrimination
What are the things we can test with habit/dishabit?
What age notice, do they get quicker at noticing, how long can you wait between presentation.
What is accommodation in sight? What muscles are needed? When reach adult levels?
Focusing on near and far. Ciliary, 3 months
What is convergence in sight? When are babies able to do this?
Eyes looking at same object. 6 months
What is coordination in sight? When can babies do this?
Can follow stimuli in an orderly fashion. 6 months
What is visual acuity? What are baby’s numbers?
How blurry? 20/400 to 20/600.
When does adult sight seem to develop?
6 years.
Why do babies have shitty acuity at birth?
Not enough cones in fovea.
When can babies differentiate red and white? What about other colours?
2 months, 4 months
What colours can babies see at birth?
None.
What are the four visual preferences of babies?
Contrast, movement, symmetry, curvature
_ kids like novelty and _ kids like familiarity.
Older, younger
When do babies recognize familiarity?
2-4 months
What is the Goldilocks effect?
Not too familiar, not too novel, babies like it
Not too simple or complex, they like it
Preference of faces for babies is there at… This may be _.
Birth! Evolution
Babies prefer the face of..
Their primary caregiver
Babies like _ faces over _.
Human
Monkey
Why do babies prefer attractive faces? Does this extend to other animals?
Biology good, curve, symmetry preference exist.
Yes
Babies like _ gaze, or figures looking back at them.
Mutual
Sound localization is present at _. However, it improves by _ year.
Birth. One.
Newborns like _ frequency sounds, therefore they like _ voices more.
High/Womens
Adult hearing is developed at about _ years old. ``
10
Goldilocks effect applies to sound in what way?
Stop attending to predictable sounds but do not like too complex.
Babies have a clear preference for _ voice.
Mothers.
Babies can discriminate between all _.
Phonemes
With better speech perception as a baby, they are usually better at _ as a child.
reading
children have an automatic _ for speech.
Bias
Kuhl found that babies lose discrimination of sounds not heard in…
Mother tongue
Kuhl found that by 4.5 months, children are no longer…
Citizens of the world.
Babies seem to perceive music just as well as _.
Adults
Babies can _ pitch, and understand _ and _. They even have similar _ activity to adults with regards to brain waves.
immitate, rythme and melody, attention
What is intersensory integration?
Combining multiple senses (see and know how it feels)
What is intersensory matching?
Dim and soft, can tell those are both lighter forms of it
The other race effect is not apparent at _ months but is apparent at _ months.
3, 9
What are the three core knowledges by Spelke?
Object representation
Knowledge of others and their actions
Understanding quantities
What are the three understood parts of knowledge representation?
Object constancy, object cohesion and continuity, object permanency
Can retrieve hidden objects at _ months, can pass A not B at _ months. True object permanence happens at _ months.
8, 12, 18
Using Baillargeon’s ramp test, object permanence seems to be there at _ months.
3.5
10-12 month olds understand larger than, as long as all numbers are _ or less.
3
1 month olds can see differences if there is a _ to _ ratio.
2
