Chapter 8 part II

Question 1

DNA structure

Answer 1

Nitrogenous bases [on the inside(T,C,A,G), sugar phosphate backbone=deocyribose[on the outside], double stranded helix, A+T G+C, hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the stands together.

Question 2

Transcription (be able to transcribe DNA to RNA)

Answer 2

produces genetic messages in the form of RNA(A,G,C,U), Initiation-Elongation-Termination,(after termination transcribed mRNA is modified introns are cut)

Question 3

Describe Translation (be able to translate mRNA into amino acid chain)

Answer 3

mRNA is shipped into cytoplasm then gets coded for amino acids (building blocks of protien), Initiation-Elongation-Termination.

Question 4

Codon

Answer 4

3 bases (ATC|GTU) (3rd base in a codon “doesn’t matter”)

Question 5

Start and stop codons

Answer 5

AUG=Start, UAA,UAG,UGA= stop/termination

Question 6

Describe levels of protien structure(4)

Answer 6

1.) primary- amino acid sequence, 2.) secondary- folded primary structure into either alpha helix or beta sheet, 3.) Tertiary- secondary structures folded into 3d structures, 4.) Quaternary- protien made of two or more polypeptides

Question 7

Base substitutions

Answer 7

Replace one base with another (most are harmful, could be benificial)

Question 8

Base insertions/deletions

Answer 8

Alters the reading frame (likely results in nonfuctioning polypeptide)

Question 9

Silent mutations

Answer 9

No affect on amino acids

Question 10

Missense mutations

Answer 10

substitution by one amino acid for another in a protien (A->U)

Question 11

nonsense mutations

Answer 11

a base mutation that causes a stop codon to appear

Question 12

RNA

Answer 12

A U G C