Chapter 14,16,17

Question 1

Abosolute dating

Answer 1

age of fossils is estimated by radioactive decay

Question 2

Relative dating

Answer 2

position of fossil in sedament

Question 3

Homologous structures

Answer 3

diffrent apperance and functions that derived from the same body part in a common ancestor( fingers in mamals)

Question 4

Analogous structures

Answer 4

Serve similar structures-evolved independantly

Question 5

Vestigial structures

Answer 5

no apparent function but resemble structures their ancestors had (blind cave fish- nonfunctional eyes)

Question 6

natural selection

Answer 6

Individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than thoes without such characteristics.

Question 7

‘Ingrediants’ for natural selection (5)

Answer 7

selective pressure, reproduction, desirable characteristics, variation, heritable

Question 8

importance of Hardy Weinberg in populations

Answer 8

If a population is not in HW it indicates that one or more of five mechanisms is acting on the population.

Question 9

Agents of evolutionary change (5)

Answer 9

Mutation (variation), Gene flow ( allele movement between populations), Nonrandom mating (Assorative/disassorative mating), Genetic drift- Founder affect (changes allele frequency), Selection (natural/ artificial)

Question 10

Assortative mating

Answer 10

increases homozygots, selects parteners based on specific traits

Question 11

Disassorative mating

Answer 11

phenotypically diffrent individuals mate, produce excess of heterozygots

Question 12

Hardy Weinberg assumptions (5)

Answer 12

No mutation takes place, No genes are transfered to or from other sources, random mating is occuring, large population size, no selection occurs

Question 13

Hardy equation

Answer 13

p= individuals homozygous for first allele 2pq= individuals heterozygous for both alleles q= individuals homozygous for second allele p+q=1

Question 14

Stabilizing selection

Answer 14

Favors intermidiates ( human birth weight)

Question 15

Disruptive selection

Answer 15

Favors extremes over intermidiates ( birds with very large or small beaks)

Question 16

Directional selection

Answer 16

Favors one extreme

Question 17

Stabilizing selection

Answer 17

favors intermediates (human birth weight)

Question 18

Biological species concept

Answer 18

a species is a population or group of populations whoes members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 19

Phylogenic species concept

Answer 19

a species is a set of organisms with a unique genetic history

Question 20

the link between systematics and classification

Question 21

Phylogeny

Answer 21

a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species (a systematic)

Question 22

Cladogram

Answer 22

diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups

Question 23

Explain Reproductive Isolation