Chapter 8

Question 1

True-breeding

Answer 1

when homozygous for trait in question cross and consistently produce said trait

Question 2

reciprical croses

Answer 2

two diffrent traits are crossed( switching the traits of the parents)

Question 3

Monohybrid cross

Answer 3

a cross to study only two varriations of a single trait

Question 4

F1 generation

Answer 4

offspring produced by 2 true-breeding strains

Question 5

F2 generation

Answer 5

offspring resulting from the self-fertilization of F1 plants

Question 6

Dominant

Answer 6

the form of each trait expressed in the F1 plants

Question 7

Resesive

Answer 7

The form of the trait not seen in F1 plants

Question 8

Gene

Answer 8

information for a trait passed on from parent to offspring

Question 9

Allele

Answer 9

alternate forms of a gene (brown or blue)

Question 10

Genotype

Answer 10

total set of alleles of an individual (PP,Pp)

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

outward appearnce of an individual

Question 12

Gamete

Answer 12

reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Question 13

Dihybrid cross

Answer 13

Examination of 2 seperate traits in a single cross (RRYY & rryy)

Question 14

Rule of addition

Answer 14

probibility of 2 mutually exclusive(cannot get both outcomes at the same time) events occuring is the sum of their individual probabilities (Pp-1/4 pP-1/4 —> 1/4+1/4 = 1/2)

Question 15

Rule of multiplication

Answer 15

probibility of 2 independant events occuring is the product of their individual probabilities (rr-1/4 yy-1/4 –> 1/4 x 1/4= 1/16)

Question 16

Tetracross

Answer 16

a cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with dominante phenotype

Question 17

Polygenetic inheritence

Answer 17

when multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait (continus varriatons, quanitive traits(human height)

Question 18

Pleiotropy

Answer 18

an allele which has more than one affect on the phenotype(sickle cell: affects not only shape but causes other complications)

Question 19

Incomplete dominance

Answer 19

the heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between the 2 homozygotes [Blending of traits (e.g., red + white = pink)]

Question 20

Co-dominance

Answer 20

the heterozygote shows some aspects of the phenotypes of both homozygotes [Both traits expressed distinctly (e.g., A + B = AB)]

Question 21

Princibles of segregation

Answer 21

Two alleles for a gene seperate during gamete formation. Each gamete resives only one allel for each gene. (Rejoin at random during fertilization)

Question 22

Princibles of independant assortment

Answer 22

in a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently during gamete formation. (mom-x dad-y instead of x y it could be y x)

Question 23

Predict results of simple genetic crosses

Answer 23

use a punnet square

Question 24

describe anomolies that do not fit dominant/resesive inheritance pattern.(5)

Answer 24

Pleiotropy, incomplete/codominance, more than 2 allelels exist for a gene, Polygenetic inheritance, sex-linked.