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OSI Ignacio > Chapter 8: Panoramic Imaging > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Panoramic Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Panoramic imaging is like a bridge between?

A

Intraoral projection and tomography

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2
Q

What is the gold standards for dentists

A

panoramic

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3
Q

Some limitations of panoramic imaging include

A
  • magnification
  • double image
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4
Q

Pantomography:

A
  • technique for producing a single image of the facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures
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5
Q

An xray source and a image receptor rotate around the patient’s head and create a curved?

A

Focal trough

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6
Q

The focal trough is a zone in which?

A

The included objects are displayed clearly

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7
Q

Focal trough: vertical/horizontal collimated xray beam?

A

Vertical

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8
Q

The focal trough is the area in which structures will appear most sharply and clearly. Which structures can be distorted, magnified , or reduced?

A

The ones that fall in front of or behind the focal trough

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9
Q

Regarding the shape and size of the focal trough?

A

Varies between manufactures

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10
Q

Indications of panoramic imaging:

A
  • overall evaluation of dentition
  • examine for intraosseous pathology: cyst, tumours, infections
  • evaluation for TMJ
  • evaluation for position of impacted teeth
  • evaluation of eruption of permanent dentition
  • dentomaxillofacial trauma
  • developmental disturbances of maxillofacial skeleton
  • dental specialties: restorative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontics, orthodontics, implantology, forensic and legal dentistry
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11
Q

Advantages of panoramic imaging:

A
  • broad coverage of facial bones and teeth
  • low radiation dose, ET
  • ease of panoramic radiographic technique
  • used in patients who cant tolerate Intraoral radiography
  • quick and convenient Radiographic technique
  • make comparisons between left and right sides
  • useful visual aid in patient education
  • affordable for the patient. Not expensive
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12
Q

Disadvantages of panoramic imaging:

A
  • lower resolution images
  • don’t provide the fine details (caries, periapical disease)
  • magnification across image is unequal, 25% , geometric distortion
  • superimposition, double and ghost images
  • requires accurate patient positioning
  • costly machines
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13
Q

The X-ray tube produces fine beam ____ collimated?

A

Vertically

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14
Q

The moving source and receptor generate a zone of sharpness called

A

Focal trough

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15
Q

Only a ___ is exposed and sweeps the area of interested synchronised with the movement of the receptor

A

Vertical fine line

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16
Q

Focal trough image layer:

A

3D curved zone where the structures lying within this zone are reasonably well defined on the final panoramic image

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17
Q

The 3 principles of panoramic imaging are?

A
  1. Focal trough
  2. Image distortion
  3. Imaging
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18
Q

Objects outside the focal trough are?

A

Blurred, magnified, reduced in size and unrecognisable

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19
Q

Shape and width of focal trough are determined by?

A
  • the path and velocity of the receptor and X-ray tube head
  • alignment of the xray beam
  • collimator width
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20
Q

Image distortion is unreliable for

A

Linear or angular measurements

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21
Q

Factors of image distortion:

A
  • xray beam angulation
  • xray source to object distance
  • path of rotational center (patient’s head has to be in the middle)
  • position of the object within the focal trough
  • patient anatomy
  • positioning of the patient in the unit
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22
Q

Depending on their location, objects may cast three different types of images?

A
  1. Real images
  2. Ghost images
  3. Double images
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23
Q

Real images:
- where do the objects lie?

A

Between center of rotation and receptor

CR O R

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24
Q

Objects within the focal trough?

A

Sharp

25
Q

Objects away from the focal trough?

A

Blurred

26
Q

Double images?
- where do the objects lie?
- examples

A
  • posterior to the moving center of rotation and are intercepted twice by the xray beam
  • hyoid bone, epiglottis, cervical spine
    O CR R
27
Q

Ghost images?
- where do the objects lie?
- examples

A
  • between the xray beam source and center of rotation, appear on opposite side of its true anatomic location
  • mandibular ramus, hyoid bone, cervical spine, metallic accessories

XRAY BEAM O CR

28
Q

Panoramic machines:

A
  • several brands highly versatile
  • make frontal and lateral images of TMJs
  • capable of producing tomographic views
  • cephalometric attachment
  • available in CCD digital configurations
29
Q

Patient positioning:

A
  • remove dental appliances, earrings, necklaces, hairpins, metallic objects (to avoid bright ghost images)
  • anteroposterior position: bite block to stabilise head
  • laser beam to facilitate the alignment
  • patient’s back and spine as erected as possible
  • patient’s neck extended
30
Q

Regarding patient postioning:
- the mid sagital plane has to be ?
- frankfurt plane and anteroposterior position within?
- occlusal plane:
- canthomeatal line parallel with?

A
  • centred within the focal trough
  • the focal trough
  • lower anteriorly, angled 20-30 degrees below the horizontal
  • the floor
31
Q

If the patient is positioned too far posterior?
- ____ mesiodistal dimensions through the ____ sextant
- teeth appear?

A
  • magnified, anterior
  • fat teeth
    FP
32
Q

If the patient is positioned too far anterior?
- ____ mesiodistal dimensions through the ____ sextant
- teeth appear?

A
  • reduced, anterior
  • thin

AT

33
Q

If there’s a poor _______, ___ distortion in the ____ region

A

Midline positioning, horizontal, posterior
Premolar regions: excessive overlap, and nondiagnostic , unacceptable images

34
Q

If there’s a failure in the ____, ____ are unequally ____ in the ____ dimension

A

mid sagittal plane positioning , right and left sides , magnified, horizontal

35
Q

Digital receptors are being used increasingly to:

A

View screen
Modify image characteristics: contrast, density

36
Q

Image receptors:

A
  • export digital image
  • digital storage
  • intensifying screens: reduce distortion
  • mechanism for automatically marking the patient’s left or right sides on the image
  • patient’s name, age, date
  • dentists name
37
Q

Interpreting panoramic images:
- compared to intraoral
- regarding recognising anatomical structures
- problems And what can cause them

A
  • more complex than intraoral images when interpreting
  • difficult to recognise normal anatomic structures
  • mid face complex anatomy , superimposition, and real, double, and ghost images
  • machine, patient movement, patient positioning, unusual anatomy
38
Q

What are two dimensional representations of three dimensional structures ?

A

Conventional xray projections

39
Q

What are curved image slices, and has less superimposition of structures?

A

Panoramic views

40
Q

Panoramic image represents the ___ jaw that is ____ onto the flat plane

A

Curved, unfolded

41
Q

Posterior regions represents which view?

A

Lateral, sagital

42
Q

Anterior sextant represents which view?

A

Coronal (AP) view

43
Q

4 things interpreted in a panoramic xray?

A

Teeth
Midfacial region
Mandible
Soft tissues

44
Q

Teeth in a panoramic xray:

A
  • demonstrates the complete dentition
  • identification of all erupted and developing teeth (number, position, anatomy)
  • restorations
  • gross caries and periapcial disease may be evident
  • impacted third molars
45
Q

excessively wide or narrow anterior teeth means?

A

malposition of patient in focal trough

46
Q

Teeth wider on one side or the other means?

A

patient’s sagittal plane is rotated

47
Q

proximal surfaces of which teeth often overlap ?

A

Premolars

48
Q

Mid-facial region contains a complex mixture of bones, air cavities, and soft tissues which include:

A
  • temporal
  • zygoma
  • mandible
  • frontal
  • maxilla
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • vomer
  • nasal
  • nasal conchae
  • palate
49
Q

Major sites for examination in the midfacial region?

A

7
1.maxillary cortical boundary
2. Pterygomaxillary fissure
3. Maxillary sinuses
4. Zygomatic complex
5. Nasal cavity
6. TMJ
7. Maxillary dentition/alveolus

50
Q

Maxillary cortical boundary:

A

From the superior portion of the pterygomaxillary fissure down to the tuberosity

51
Q

Pterygomaxillary fissure:

A

Inverted teardrop appearance, mucoceles and carcinomas destroy the posterior maxillary border

52
Q

Maxillary sinuses:

A

Well visualised, borders (posterior, anterior, floor, roof)
Symmetry, borders present and intact

53
Q

Zygomatic complex:

A

Frontal, zygomatic, and maxillary bones

54
Q

Nasal cavity:

A

Nasal septum and inferior concha

55
Q

Areas in the mandible:

A
  • pharyngeal airway
  • posterior wall of the naso pharynx
  • cervical vertebra
  • earlobe and ear decorations
  • nasal cartilage and decorations
  • soft palate and uvula
  • dorsum of the tongue
56
Q

Major areas of interest in the mandible:

A
  • condylar process and TMJ: mandibular condyle, slightly anterior (patient protrusion), condyle shape, glenoid fossa
  • coronoid process
  • ramus/angle: fracture lines, symmetry
  • body and angles/ramus: mandibular canals, mental foramina, anterior loop of mandibular canal, mental protuberance (radio opaque)
  • anterior sextant
  • mandibular dentition/alveolus
57
Q

Soft tissues:

A

Tongue arching, lip markings, soft palate, nasal septum, earlobes, nose, Nasolacrimal folds, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage

58
Q

Soft tissues:

A

Tongue arching, lip markings, soft palate, nasal septum, earlobes, nose, Nasolacrimal folds, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage

OSI Ignacio (10 decks)

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