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OSI Ignacio > Chapter 7: Extraoral Radiographic Projections > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Extraoral Radiographic Projections Flashcards

1
Q

What do we examine in Extraoral Radiographic projections:

A
  • the areas not fully covered by intraoral films such as:
    1. Cranium
    2. Face: maxilla and mandible
    3. Cervical spine
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2
Q

Pathological purposes of an extraoral radiographic projection:

A
  • diseases
  • impacted teeth
  • trauma
  • TMJ
  • abnormalities

DATA TI

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3
Q

Treatment purposes of an Extraoral radiographic projection:

A
  • relationships between orofacial and dental structures
  • growth and development
  • treatment progression

GRT

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4
Q

X-ray units components?

A
  • machine
  • films
  • intensifying screen

MIF

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5
Q

3 types of X-ray machines:

A
  • conventional dental xray machines
  • panoramic machines
  • higher capacity medial xray units
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6
Q

Dimensions of the film?

A

13 x 18 - 20 x 25 cm

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7
Q

The anatomical imaging planes:

A

Relate to positions in space and are found at right angles to each other

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8
Q

The 3 anatomical planes are?

A
  1. Frontal/coronal
  2. Sagittal/lateral
  3. Transverse/horizontal/axial
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9
Q

The frontal/coronal plane:
- splits the body into?
- vertical or horizontal
- example

A
  • splits body into front and back halves
  • vertical
  • dorsal-ventral, back-front, posterior-anterior parts
  • panoramic xray
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10
Q

The sagittal/lateral plane:
- splits the body into?
- vertical or horizontal
- parallel to the?
- example

A
  • into left and right halves
  • vertical
  • sagittal suture
  • CBCT
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11
Q

The transverse/axial plane:
- splits the body into?
- vertical or horizontal
- where is the x-ray
- example

A
  • upper and lower halves, cranial and caudal
  • horizontal
  • on top or below the patient
  • occlusal xray
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12
Q

The cephalometric landmarks consist of ___ landmarks and ___ planes/line?

A

12, 3

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13
Q

The cephalometric landmarks are?

A
  1. Glabella
  2. Nasion
  3. Orbitale
  4. Naso-spinal
  5. Gnathion
  6. Gonion
  7. Condylion
  8. Cigion
  9. Porion
  10. Ionion
  11. Lambda
  12. Bregma
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14
Q

The cephalometric planes/lines are?

A

A. Frankfurt plane
B. Canthomeatal line
C. Auricular line

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of extraoral Radiographic projections?

A
  1. Frontal skull projection
  2. Lateral skull projection
  3. Submentovertex (base) projection
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16
Q

The frontal skull projection is divided into?

A

Posteroanterior skull projection and anteroposterior skull projection

17
Q

And then the posteroanterior skull projection is also divided into 2 techniques which are?

A
  • occipital frontal film
  • occipital mental film
18
Q

2 variations of the posteroanterior skull projection are?

A

Grasey
Blondeau

19
Q

Occipital frontal film:
- film/receptor:
- head:
- x-ray beam:
- canthomeatal line:
- patient:
- setbacks

A
  • in front of the patient
  • canthomeatal line is perpendicular to the film/receptor
    film is vertical, canthomeatal line is horizontal
  • xray beam: from behind the patient, perpendicular to the receptor from posterior to anterior, and parallel to the canthomeatal line
  • canthomeatal line is parallel to the xray beam
  • uptight positon
  • overlapping
20
Q

What can we study with a posterior anterior skull projection (Occipital frontal film)?

A
  • facial growth
  • trauma
  • frontal sinuses and TMJ
  • orbits
  • nasal cavity
  • calvaria: bones around the neuro cranium (occipital, temporal,..)
21
Q

What structures can we analyse with a posterior anterior skull projection (Occipital frontal film)?

A
  • calvaria
  • sutures
  • external auditory meatus
  • mastoid air cells
  • temporal bone
  • orbits
  • sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary)
  • zygomatic process
  • nasal cavity
  • middle and inferior turbinates
  • nasal septum
  • hard palate
  • mandible: condyle and coronoid process, ramus, angle, and body
22
Q

Interpretation of a posterior anterior skull projection (Occipital frontal film)?
Steps: (5)

A

Step 1: calvaria, sutures, intracranial calcifications, mastoid air cells, Petrous ridge, compare both sides, symmetry
Step 2: upper and middle face: orbits, sinuses, zygomatic processes, nasal cavity, middle and inferior turbinates, nasal septum, hard palate
Step 3: lower face (mandible): condyle, coronoid process, ramus, angle, body
Step 4: cervical spine: dens, superior border of C2, inferior border of C1
Step 5: alveolar bone and teeth

23
Q

Occipital mental film is also known as the ____ projection?

A

WATERS

24
Q

Occipital mental film:
- film/receptor:
- head:
- mouth:
- x-ray beam:
- canthomeatal line:
- patient:
- indications:
- to analyse:

A

Xray from behind but angulated
- in front of the patient
- tilted upwards so that the canthomeatal line forms a 37 degree angle with the receptor/film
- open/closed
- perpendicular to the receptor from posterior to anterior
- canthomeatal line forms a 37 degree angle with receptor/film
- patient in upright position
- maxillary sinuses and trauma
- to analyse the maxillary sinus

25
Q

Grasey?
- mouth:
- xray beam:

A
  • open
  • naso mento film

GO

26
Q

Blondeau:
- mouth:
- xray beam:

A
  • closed
  • naso meto film, 20 degrees vertical

BC

27
Q

Anteroposterior skull projections are also known as?

A

TOWNE

28
Q

Anteroposterior skull projection:
- film/receptor:
- head:
- x-ray beam:
- mouth:
- indications:

A
  • perpendicular to the floor , behind the patient
  • tilted downwards so that the canthomeatal line forms a 25-30 degree angle with the receptor
  • xray beam: 25-30 degree angle to canthomeatal line, in front of patient
  • open and chin to chest
  • condyle fractures, mandibular ramus
29
Q

Lateral skull projections: (lateral cephalometric projections)
- film/receptor:
- head:
- x-ray beam:

A
  • parallel to the patient’s mid sagittal plane
  • site of interest towards/ touching receptor
  • perpendicular and centered over the external auditory meatus
30
Q

Structures seen in a lateral skull projection:

A
  • base of the skull
  • calvaria
  • mastoid air cells
  • Clivus
  • chinois process
  • sella turca
  • sphenoid sinuses
  • roof of the orbit
  • orbits
  • sinuses
  • ptergomaxillary fissures
  • pterygoid plates
  • zygomatic process
  • anterior nasal spine
  • mandible
  • cervical spine
  • vertebra
31
Q

Cephalometric analysis:
- used for?
- who uses it?
- 2 types of cephalometric analyses?
- frankfurt plane parallel to?
- occlusal position:
- sagital plane parallel to?
- central xray beam is ?

A
  • analysis of the dental and skeletal relationships in the head. Soft tissues, facial growth
  • dentists, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgeons (orthognathic surgery)
  • Steiner, rickettes
  • floor
  • all teeth should mesh together
  • film/receptor
  • perpendicular and centred over external auditory meatus
32
Q

A technique of the lateral skull projection is ?

A

Schuller technique

33
Q

Schuller technique:
- face:
- used for:
- structures analysed:

A
  • face resting but slightly rotated
  • mandibular fractures
  • mastoid air cells, external auditory canal, tympanic cavity, mandible, TMJ
34
Q

Submentovertex (base) projection is also known as?

A

HIRTZ

35
Q

Submentovertex (base) projection:
- film/receptor:
- head:
- canthomeatal line:
- x-ray beam:
- could use to asses:

A
  • parallel to the patients transverse plane
  • patient’s neck is extended as far backwards as possible
  • canthomeatal line is parallel to the film
  • xray beam is perpendicular to the transverse plane , canthomeatal line, and the film
  • to asses impacted canines
36
Q

Indications of the submentovertex skull projections:

A
  • paranasal sinuses
  • TMJ
  • zygomatic arch
  • base of the skull
  • mandible ramus
  • hard palate
37
Q

Panoramic projections:

A
  • comprehensive Radiographic examination
  • oral and maxillofacial surgery
  • study of the systematic manifestations in the oral cavity and maxillofacial region
  • dental infections
  • periodontics, orthodontics, etc
  • implantology
  • forensic and legal dentistry

OSI Ignacio (10 decks)

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