Chapter 8: Organization and Management - Theories of Mgmt Flashcards
a group of several similar ideas evolved in the late 1800s and early 1900s
pioneers are: frederick w. taylor, who was known as the “father of scientific management”
classical theory
the father of scientific management
frederick w. taylor
pioneer of classical theory
frederick w. taylor
there is one best way to do each job
classical theory
there is one best way to put an organization
classical theory
the organization should be arranged in a rational and impersonal manner
classical theory
classical theory
for efficiency and specialization
division of work
classical theory
right way to give orders and obtain obedience and responsibility
authority and responsibility
classical theory
judicious use of sanctions and penalties; obedience to rules and work agreements
discipline
classical theory
each person is accountable to only one superior
unity of command
classical theory
all units moving toward same objectives through coordinated and focused effort
unity of direction
classical theory
individual interest to general interest
the interest of the organization should take priority over the interests of individuals
subordination
classical theory
pay and compensation should be fair for both employee and organization
renumeration
classical theory
subordinates’ involvement through decentralization should be balanced with managers’ final authority through decentralization
centralization
classical theory
in a scalar chain, authority and responsibility flow in direct line vertically from the highest level of the organization to the lowest
scalar chain
classical theory
people and materials must be in the appropriate places at the proper time for maximum efficiency
order
classical theory
all employees should be treated equally to ensure fairness
equity
classical theory
employee turnover should be minimized to maintain organizational efficiency
stability of personnel
classical theory
workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements
initiative
classical theory
managers should promote a team spirit of unity and harmony among employees
esprit de corps
evolved during the 1920s through the 1950s
introduced the behavioral sciences as an integral part of an organization theory
human relations theory
view the organization as a social system and recognizes the existence of the informal organization
human relations theory
employee participation in management planning and decision-making yields positive effects in terms of morale and productivity
human relations theory
emphasizes research on operations and the use of quantitative techniques to help managers make decisions
management science theory
extension includes the development of management information system (MIS) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT)
management science theory
a set of interdependent parts that work together to achieve a common goal
ex. hospital dietary department interacts with many external groups (patients, customers, medical staff, hospital administration, and some regulatory agencies)
systems approach
interdependency is the key concept in systems theory
systems approach
systems approach
a theory that says that the whole is more than the sum of its parts; cooperative, synergistic working together of members of a department or team often yields a total product that exceeds the sum of their individual contributions
holism
managerial activities should be adjusted to fit the situation
contingency approach
individual motivation may be influenced by factors in the environment
contingency approach
managers must adjust their leadership behavior to fit the particular situation
contingency approach
the structure of the organization must be designed to fit the organization, environment, and the technology it uses
contingency approach
Frederick W. Taylor, Max Weber, and Henri Fayol
classical theory
Tasks, Structure, and Authority.
classical theory
- Division of work
- Authority and responsibility
- Discipline
- Unity of command
- Unity of direction
- Subordination of individual interest to general interest
- Renumeration of employees
- Centralization
- Scalar chain
- Order
- Equity
- Stability of personnel
- Initiative
- Esprit de corps
fayol’s principles
pioneer of human relations theory
elton mayo
the hawthorne effect
human relations theory
The organization viewed as a social system-
informal organization
human relations theory
Key work groups/teams.
Excellent upward communication.
Superior leadership
classical theory
aims to satisfy
the workers’ psychological and social needs
through motivation.
human relations theory
aka scientific management theory
management science
proponent of management science theory
frederick w. taylor
Classical Theory + Human Relations Theory
mgmt science theory
sampling, linear
programming, queuing models, simulation
models and chaos theory.
Mathematical tools or Management
Information Sytems (MIS)
Pioneers: L.W. Lorsch, Joan Woodward,
George Stalker, Paul R. Lawrence, Burns.
contingency approach
aka situational approach
contingency approach
Pioneers: Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1940s),
Ross Ashby (1964).
systems approach
Subsytems working together in harmony for
the larger system to function.
systems theory
theory x and y
douglas mcgregor
-Managers exert direct control over their
employees.
-Assumes that work is inherently distasteful
to most people.
-Workers are not ambitious, do not want
responsibility, and have little creativity.
theory x
- Workers accept that managers who believe in
Theory X are usually strict.
-Workers expect that managers should adapt
their style to the nature of workers and
situations.
-No single approach will achieve the same
results with all employees.
theory y
Managers mistrust their subordinates and
feel compelled to coerce(convince) them to
work.
theory x/system 1
Managers have confidence in their workers
and purposely involve them in the decision
making process.
theory y/system 2
systems approach pioneer
Pioneers: Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1940s),
Ross Ashby (1964).
There is “no one best way” to manage an
organization
contingency approach
“Organization as an organism”
Subsystems working together in harmony for
the larger system to function.
systems approach
elements of a system interact with one another.
systems approach
the systems theory doctrine that the whole of an entity is more than the sum of its parts.
wholism
resources
input
work done on resources/inputs
throughput
products, services
output
operations
process
information
feedback
a set related components working
together in a particular environment to
perform whatever functions are required to
achieve the objectives.
system
do the processing
subsystems
two or more systems
super systems
continuously interacts with the environment
open system
not influenced by surroundings.
closed system
a future event that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty.
contingency
A.k.a. Second Order Cybernetics and Complexity Theory
chaos theory
science of surprises, of the non-linear and unpredictable
chaos
Inspired by Systems theory.
Things are not always neat and orderly and can be messy.
chaos theory
chaos theory
small changes in the initial conditions lead to drastic changes in the results.
butterfly effect
causes the system to change or adapt.
feedback (positive or negative)
one best way to do a job
classical theory
