Chapter 8 - offensive operations

Question 1

Applying enough water directly to the fire you want to extinguish that’s providing a safe working environment for firefighters, facilitating rescue, and preventing property damage is the objective of ………

Answer 1

An offensive fire attack

Question 2

The fire compartment volume in cubic feet divided by 100
(V / 100)
Is referred to as ………..

Answer 2

Royer / Nelson method

Question 3

The continued use of initial attack hose lines when they are clearly over powered by the fire is a sign of poor training and a lack of fire ground discipline.

Failure to recognize the need for larger fire streams is known as……….

Answer 3

Residential mentality

Question 4

Placing a third small diameter hose line in the same compartment is generally ………..

Answer 4

A tactical error

Question 5

No rate of flow calculation is completely……..

Answer 5

Accurate

Question 6

The National Fire Academy developed the ……..formula for use in their fire tactics courses

Answer 6

A/3

Length X Width / 3 = Rate of Flow
GPM

Question 7

Fires fully involved in a large, undivided area often require a …………..

Answer 7

Defensive attack

Question 8

It’s easier to fight fires in a series of smaller compartments than to do that all in one large……….

Answer 8

Undivided area

Question 9

Calculate the flow needed for the largest single area on the fire. Each compartment can be handled as a ……….., and the fire extinguished in one room at a time.

Answer 9

Separate Fire

Question 10

The National Fire Academy recommends applying a percentage to of involvement modifier that if 1/4 of the Floor area is involved, divide the total by ………… Or multiply by………

Answer 10

4

0.25

Question 11

Properties that are already Equipped with sprinkler system should have a plate on the riser with all of the ………….. stamped into the plate

Answer 11

Water flow requirements

Question 12

All buildings requiring a rate of flow that exceeds the flow of two standard pre-connected hose lines should be pre-incident plan applying the ………. formula

Answer 12

V / 100

Question 13

SOP’s should require a back up hose line at least ……… than the initial hose lines, whenever there is a working structure fire.

Answer 13

Equal or larger

Question 14

Which hand lines should be considered residential lines?

Answer 14

1 3/4” lines

Question 15

Which hand lines are considered commercial lines?

Answer 15

2 1/2” lines

Question 16

The use of …….. attack hose lines is recommended as a minimum

Answer 16

1 3/4”

Question 17

Most manufacturers do not recommend 1 3/4” hose lay outs longer than ……… feet because of excessive friction loss in 1 3/4” hose at high flow.

Answer 17

250’ feet

Question 18

If longer hose lines are needed, …….. should be used to lengthen the hose line to reduce the friction loss and increase the flow.

Answer 18

Larger diameter hose

Question 19

Aerial apparatus can be used as ………… by placing the area apparatus in position at a window on the floor where a hose line is needed and attaching hose to fittings at the elevating platform or top of arial.

Answer 19

Portable stand pipes

This tactic does not place hose through the doorway from the stairs, thus it reduces smoke infiltration from the hallways into the stairway

Question 20

When more than two 1 3/4” hose lines are needed to control the main body of a fire, there is an obvious need for ………. if an offensive attack is to continue?

Answer 20

2 1/2” hose line

Question 21

In reality, there is little need for ……….. streams during offensive structural firefighting

Answer 21

Fog streams

Question 22

Because the stream produced by this attack will be dangerous to firefighters and occupants, it is obvious that this is a poor choice in occupied areas including areas occupied by firefighters.

Answer 22

Indirect attack

Question 23

In conducting an indirect attack, the idea is to keep …….while introducing a wide angle fog stream directed at the ceiling through the smallest possible opening, such as a partially closed door or window.

Answer 23

Ventilation to a minimum

Question 24

This tactic may prove useful in an occupied basement, attic‘s, and storage areas.

This approach will result in maximum steam production disruption of heat layers and extremely humid environment.

Answer 24

Indirect attack

Question 25

The ........... attack is preferred in the vast majority of situations where conditions permit in offensive attack.

Answer 25

Direct attack

Question 26

.......... and controlling ventilation will result in a safer and more effective approach when confronted with a working residential fire where an offense of attack is warranted

Answer 26

Softening the target

Question 27

When softening the target, larger rooms require water to be discharged for a ............ period.

Answer 27

Slightly longer

Question 28

Controlling the door by opening it just enough to make entry, and minimizing the opening while advancing the hose line, limits .........., retarding fire growth and allowing firefighters to advance the fire for a safer and more effective offense of attack.

Answer 28

Air Intake

Question 29

What is critical to prevent flashover and make interior conditions tenable for victims and firefighters conducting an office of attack under heavy fire conditions?

Answer 29

Proper ventilation

Question 30

Some examples where softening the target may not be applicable for are:

Answer 30

- A fire that is in accessible from the outside at ground level (upper floor of a high rise ) - A compartmented area with no outside access points (Center room in a large office) - A small fire that fails to gain intensity (food on the stove, electrical fire, clothes dryer fire)

Question 31

When should water be applied to a fire, because research has proven it reduces thermal temperatures?

Answer 31

As soon as possible in from the safest location

Question 32

This greatly increases civilian and firefighters survivability as well as property conservation. “ if you see fire, ..........:”

Answer 32

Put water on it

Question 33

When firefighters encounter very high heat conditions indicative of an impending flashover, if ............ done properly, it will reduce probability of flash over while not seriously disrupting the heat balance.

Answer 33

Pulsing

Question 34

........... Involves directing a stream from the exterior into a room that is involved in fire where the fire has self vented. (Solid or straight stream)

Answer 34

Transitional attack

Question 35

A fog stream or rapidly moving a solid or straight stream from side to side or up and down can have ........... effects on flow path

Answer 35

Negative

Question 36

If the fire is shielded by non-burning materials, such as in a warehouse with rows of high stacked commodities, the hose should be moved to a position that allows a direct attack. If this is not possible, then deflecting a .......... off the ceiling and allowing the droplets to fall on the fuel is an alternative

Answer 36

Solid or straight stream

Question 37

Buildings, vehicles, or property threatened by fire that are external to the building, vehicle, or property where the fire originated Adjacent buildings

Answer 37

External exposures

Question 38

It’s good practice to get a hose line on the floor immediately above the fire. Where there is a risk of .......... to concealed spaces and attics, additional precautionary lines are needed at each of these areas.

Answer 38

Extension

Question 39

In areas with hydrants, providing at least two .......... for a working structure fire is considered good practice.

Answer 39

Water supplies

Question 40

A rate of flow meeting or exceeding the flow requirement will be effective and use .......

Answer 40

Less water

Question 41

The second source of water is essential at working fires, especially when operating off .......or limited flow hydrants

Answer 41

Dead end mains

Question 42

During ventilation, the ideal scenario calls for making the ventilation opening just as the attack team enters .........

Answer 42

The fire area

Question 43

Vertical and horizontal vent placement should be ............ to the fire as safety permits and located to direct smoke and heat away from firefighters making entry.

Answer 43

As close

Question 44

As entry is made by the attack crew, the door should be ......... to reduce the air flowing into the fire area. Partially close the door, allowing room for hose.

Answer 44

Controlled

Question 45

Positive pressure ventilation is useful in ............, but also limited in large building compartments containing large fuel loads.

Answer 45

Large areas

Question 46

Positive pressure ventilation can have negative effects if the fire has entered large or vented concealed spaces, the vent openings will be uncontrolled and positive pressure venting will likely...........

Answer 46

Promote the fire to spread

Question 47

This defensive tactic provides a fire break, separating the burning area from the uninvolved area. To be successful, it must be made well ahead of the fire and affectively separate the burned from the unburned

Answer 47

Trench cut

Question 48

Trench cuts can be used in any large structure and are particularly suited to U-shaped apartment buildings and .......... apartments

Answer 48

Garden

Question 49

NFPA # for standard for the organization and deployment of fire suppression operations, emergency medical operations, and special operations to the public by career fire departments

Answer 49

NFPA 1710 Defines tasks and minimum staffing for the initial response to a 2000 sqft two-story single-family dwelling with no basement and no exposures

Question 50

On average it takes the four person crews ....... less time to complete the primary search than the two person crews

Answer 50

30%

Question 51

NFPA 1500 permits Crews to make entry without an IRIC when there is the potential to ..........

Answer 51

Save lives

Question 52

Adding additional companies to the initial alarm with the sole purpose of providing .......... and accountability is recommended

Answer 52

Rapid intervention

Question 53

NFPA 1710 suggests a minimum of ....... firefighters to operate the handline and an additional fire fighter to support and assist with hose deployment for a total of ...... firefighters per attack hose line.

Answer 53

2 3

Question 54

Apparatus that are not needed at the incident scene should be parked out of the way, preferably in positions that allow access to ........... and are available to support a possible defensive attack.

Answer 54

Water supply

Question 55

What is the most commonly used method of determining flow rate?

Answer 55

The trial and error method

Question 56

Which formula will be valid for most fires where an interior attack is advisable

Answer 56

Royer/Nelson formula (V/100)

Question 57

One and two family dwellings are normally within the flow capabilities of what size hose line

Answer 57

1 3/4”

Question 58

A rate of flow exceeding the minimum will extinguish the fire in _____ time with _____Total water.

Answer 58

Less, Less

Question 59

National fire academy recommends a percentage of involvement modifier.

Answer 59

If 25% of the store were involved, then the calculations would be : Ex. 800GPM x 0.25= 200GPM

Question 60

The V/100 formula is modified only by the size of the ______, not by the percentage of involvement.

Answer 60

Compartment

Question 61

When the average hose lay exceeds 250 feet, it would be wise to use ______ or larger pre-connected lines to compensate for the additional friction loss.

Answer 61

2 inch

Question 62

V/100 rate of flow is based on extinguishment in _____seconds.

Answer 62

30

Question 63

Smooth bore nozzles are rated using _______ _______.

Answer 63

Nozzle pressure PSI

Question 64

Pressure loss due to elevation is_______ per foot of elevation.

Answer 64

0.434 psi

Question 65

Many departments simply use a simplified calculation for elevation loss, such as _____psi for floor

Answer 65

5 psi

Question 66

If any part of the apparatus, hose, or nozzle, configuration is changed, _____ _____ should be conducted.

Answer 66

Flow testing

Question 67

Pump discharge pressure is generally sent to 150 to 200 psi for ______ nozzles.

Answer 67

Automatic

Question 68

A handheld hoseline can generate a flow up to _____ GPM

Answer 68

350 GPM

Question 69

Standpipe outlets with a residual pressure exceeding 100 psi or a static pressure exceeding 170 psi are required to be equipped with _____-______ valves

Answer 69

Pressure-reducing

Question 70

The maximum outlet pressure to a flowing hose line in most standpipe operations will be _____ psi.

Answer 70

100 psi

Question 71

Sprinkler research has proven that _____ ______sprinklers have better extinguishing qualities.

Answer 71

Large orifice/large droplet

Question 72

And offensive fire attack can be further described as a ______ attack or an ______ attack

Answer 72

Direct attack Indirect attack

Question 73

Larger volume fires are less likely to go into decay phase as they are less likely to become _______ limited.

Answer 73

Ventilation

Question 74

Although the number of hose lines needed will be based on flow requirements, there must always be a_______.

Answer 74

Reserve

Question 75

The largest______ _____operation on record was at tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, where several long trenches were cut in a roof covering 2,531,965 feet.

Answer 75

Trench cut