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Anatomy 101 > Chapter 8: Nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

Axon

A

long cell process that moves the signal away from the cell body

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1
Q

neuron

A

receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

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2
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty covering that protects and speeds up the signal in the axon

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3
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheaths where the signal from the axon skips

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4
Q

saltatory conduction

A

when the signal in the axon jumps through the nodes of ranvier, skipping parts of the axon

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5
Q

unipolar/pseudo unipolar

A

has a single process extending from the cell body

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6
Q

bipolar neurons

A

has one dendrite and one axon extending from the cell body

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7
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have many dendriites, and a single axon

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8
Q

astrocyte

A

the major supporting tissue in the CNS; also forms the blood-brain barrier between the blood and the CNS

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9
Q

ependymal cells

A

line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS. some produce CSF while others move CSF.

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10
Q

microglia

A

act as the immune cells of the CNS. they remove bacteria and debris

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

provide myelin sheaths in the CNS. covers many cells

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12
Q

schwann cells

A

provides myelin sheaths to individual cells in the PNS

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13
Q

differences between CNS and PNS

A

CNS : uses oligodendrocytes, a collection of axons is called a nerve tract, and cells of cell bodies are called nuclei
PNS : uses schwann cells, a collection of axons are called peripheral nerves, and cells of cell bodies are called ganglion

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that send messages to other parts of the body

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15
Q

aceytlcholine

A

a neurotransmitter found usually in the neuromuscular junction

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16
Q

norepinephrine

A

excitatory; cocaine and amphetamines increase the release of norepinephrine and blocks the reuptake of them, causing overstimulation

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17
Q

serotonin

A

generally inhibitory, involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep. drugs such as prozac block serotonin transporters, treating anxiety and depression

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18
Q

dopamine

A

excitatory or inhibitory; parkinsons comes as a result of destruction of dopamine secreting neurons

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19
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory; drugs that increase GABA function have been used to treat epilepsy, which is an excessive release of neurons

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20
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory; can lead to tetanus of repiratory muscles if strychnine is involved

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21
Q

endorphins

A

inhibitory; makes you feel good

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22
Q

converging neural pathway

A

two or more neurons go to one neuron

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23
Q

diverging neural pathway

A

one neuron divides to 2 neurons

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24
Q

meningitis

A

infections of meninges ( wrapping arpund brain and spinal cord)

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25
Q

subarachnoid space

A

under the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that contains CSF and has blood vessels

26
Q

lateral ventricles

A

found in each cerebral hemisphere containing CSF

27
Q

third ventricle

A

found in the midline in the center of the diencephalon between the 2 halves of the thalamus

28
Q

fourth ventricle

A

located at the base of the cerebellum, and contains CSF

29
Q

brainstem

A

connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain. It consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.

30
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the most inferior portion of the brainstem; continuous with the spinal cord; contains nuclei that control things like heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, balance. also contains pyramids which have descending nerve tracts to motor neurons

31
Q

pons

A

superior to the medulla oblongata, also helps control breathing, swallowing, and balance

32
Q

midbrain

A

superior to the pons, it is the smallest part of the brainstem, contains colliculus, the inferior ones are mainly for auditory nerves, the superior ones control visual reflexes

33
Q

reticular formation

A

scattered throughout the brainstem, these control functions like respiration, walking, and chewing.

34
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, smell

35
Q

parietal lobe

A

evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temp., taste

36
Q

occipital lobe

A

used for vision

37
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex

A

located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus contains general sensations

38
Q

primary motor cortex

A

found in the frontal lobe, it controls voluntary motor movement

39
Q

alpha waves

A

waves that are active when a person is AWAKE

40
Q

Beta waves

A

waves that are active during intense thinking

41
Q

delta waves

A

are active in DEEP SLEEP

42
Q

Theta waves

A

waves found typically in children

43
Q

conus medullaris

A

the end of the spinal cord. looks like a cone

44
Q

cauda equina

A

nerves at the end of the spinal cord. looks like a horses tail

45
Q

grey matter

A

material in the center of the spinal cord that looks like a butterfly

46
Q

anterior horns

A

contains somatic neurons

47
Q

posterior horns

A

contain axons which synapse with interneurons

48
Q

lateral horns

A

contains autonomic neurons

49
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

transmits action potentials dealing with pain an temperature to the thalamus and on to the cerebral cortex; ascending tract

50
Q

dorsal column

A

transmits action potentials dealing with touch, positioon, and pressure; ascending tract.

51
Q

I. Olfactory nerve

A

responsible for the sense of smell. sensory only.

52
Q

II. optic nerve

A

responsible for the sense of vision. sensory only.

53
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

motor to four of six extrinsic eye muscles and upper eyelid; parasympathetic: constricts pupil, thickens lens

54
Q

IV. trochlear

A

motor only to one extrinsic eye muscle

55
Q

V. Trigeminal

A

sensory to face and teeth; motor to muscles of mastication

56
Q

VI. Abducens

A

Motor to one extrinsic eye muscle

57
Q

VII. Facial

A

sensory: taste; motor to muscles of facial expression; parasympathetic to salivary and tear glands

58
Q

VIII. vestibulocochlear

A

sensory for hearing and balance

59
Q

IX. glossopharyngeal

A

sensory: taste and touch to back of tonlgue; motor to pharyngeal muscles;parasympathetic to salivary glands

60
Q

X. Vagus

A

Sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera; motor to palate, pharynx, and larynx; parasympathetic to salivary glands

61
Q

XI. accessory

A

motor to two neck and upper back muscles

62
Q

XII. hypoglossal

A

Motor to tongue muscles

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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