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Anatomy 101 > Chapter 7: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Muscular System Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Heart- involuntary
Has 1 centrally located nuclei
Rich in mitochondria
Contract heart to propel blood through the body

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1
Q

Functions of muscles

A
  1. Movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of body heat
  5. Communication
  6. Heart beat
  7. Contraction of organs and vessels
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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Located in walls or hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands
Function: to compress organs, ducts, tubes, and so on.
Has less actin and myosin
1 centrally located nucleus
Involuntary

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle

A 
Voluntary
Attached to the bone
Many nuclei per cell 
Longest type of muscle 
40% of body weight
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4
Q

Abilities of the skeletal muscles

A
  1. Contractibility: shorten
  2. Excitability: respond to stimuli
  3. Extensibility: stretch
  4. Elasticity: recoil
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5
Q

Coverings of the skeletal muscle

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

Fine connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber.
Many nuclei

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7
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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8
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fasciculus

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9
Q

Muscle fasciculus

A

Bundle of muscle fibers

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10
Q

Epimysium (fascia)

A

Connective tissue that surround entire skeletal muscle (outside)

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11
Q

Myofibril

A

Thread like proteins that make up muscle fibers

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12
Q

Myofilament

A

Proteins that make up myofibrils

Ex. Actin and myosin

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane

-contains T-tubules

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15
Q

T-tubules (transverse)

A

Wrap around sarcomeres at A band

Associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Type of smooth ER (SER)
Surrounds myosin
Stores and releases Ca2+

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17
Q

Motor neuron

A

Nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers

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18
Q

Neuromuscular junction
(Synapse)

Stupid hoe couldn’t just say that. Shiet.

A

Where nerve cell and fiber meet.

I’m gonna leave random shit places now to bug you while you study. Holla.

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19
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

End of nerve cell.

The axon bitch.

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20
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Muscle fiber membrane

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21
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane.

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22
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

In presynaptic terminal (nerve side)
Store and release neurotransmitters
Ex. ACh

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23
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Charge difference across the membrane of a resting cell.

Outside cell Inside cell
Na+ K+
+ charge - charge
No channels closed. Some K+ open

The inside of the cell is negative even though K+ is positive because it is able to diffuse out the cell freely but other larger negative molecules can’t.

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24
Q

Action potential

A

“Electricity”
Causes muscles to contract
Stimulus that causes rapid depolarization and repolarization

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25
Q

Depolarization

A

Change in charges
Inside becomes more positive and outside more negative
Na+ channel is open

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26
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ channels close

Change back to resting potential

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27
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

To increase polarization of membranes of muscle cells

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28
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that stimulates or inhibit a muscle fiber

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29
Q

ACh

A

Acetylcholine

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30
Q

Motor unit

A

Group of muscle fibers that motor neuron stimulates

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31
Q

Actin

A

Thin myofilament

Contain myosin binding sites

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32
Q

Troponin

A

Attachment site on actin for Ca2+

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33
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Filament on grooves of actin

Attachment site on actin for myosin (head)

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34
Q

Myosin

A 
Thick filament 
Resemble golf clubs 
Have 3 properties:
1. Bind to attachment sites
2. Bend and straighten during contraction
3. Break down ATP
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35
Q

Sarcomeres

A

1 contractile unit

Contains actin and myosin

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36
Q

Z disk

A

Protein fibers that form attachment site for actin

37
Q

H zone

A

Center of sarcomere

Contains only myosin

38
Q

I band

A

Contains only actin

39
Q

A band

A

Where actin and myosin overlap

40
Q

M line

A

Where myosin are anchored

41
Q

Isometric contraction

A

The length of the muscle doesn’t change but the amount of tension increases. (Weight)

42
Q

Orgin

A

The non movable end of the muscle

43
Q

Insertion

A

The movable end of the muscle

44
Q

Synergist

A

Muscles that work together to produce a movement.

45
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that oppose each other

46
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Move scalp and forehead

47
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Close eyes

48
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Close lips

49
Q

Zygomaticus major/minor (lips)

A

Elevate and abduct

50
Q

Masseter

A

Elevate and protracted mandible

51
Q

7th step of sliding filament model

A

Myosin heads bind to actin (cross-bridge)

52
Q

8th step of sliding filament model

A

P is released from myosin heads and heads bend toward center of sarcomere

53
Q

9th step of sliding filament model

A

Bending forces actin to slide over myosin (powerstroke)

54
Q

10th step of sliding filament model

A

Acetylocholinesterase (Ach-E: enzyme breaks down ACh) is released, Na+ channels close, muscle contraction stops

55
Q

All or None Law

A

Either muscle contacts or it doesn’t no inbetween.

56
Q

Threshold

A

weakest stimulus needed to produce a response

57
Q

Twitch

A

Rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle

58
Q

Tetanus

A

Muscle remains contracted

59
Q

Isometric

A

Amount of tension increases (weight)

60
Q

Isotonic

A

Amount of repetitions increases (shorten)

61
Q

Tone

A

Constant tension over a long period of time

62
Q

Orgin

A

non moveable end of muscle

63
Q

Insertion

A

movable end of muscle

64
Q

Belly

A

Middle of muscle

65
Q

Synergist

A

muscles that work together

66
Q

Antagonist

A

muscles that oppose each other

67
Q

Skeletal muscles are named according to:

A
  1. Location
    ex. tibialis anterior
  2. Orgin/Insertion
    ex. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Size
    ex. Gluteus maximus
  4. Shape
    ex. deltoid
  5. Function
    ex. masseter
68
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

move scalp and forehead

69
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Close eyes

70
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Close lips

71
Q

Zygomaticus major/ minor (lips)

A

Elevate and abduct

72
Q

Masseter

A

elevate and protracts mandible

73
Q

External intercostals

A

elevate ribs for inspiration (inhale)

74
Q

Internal intercostals

A

depress ribs during forced expiration (exhale)

75
Q

Diaphragm

A

moves during quiet breathing

76
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

center of abdomen

compress abdomen

77
Q

External abdomen oblique

A

side of abdomen

compresses abdomen

78
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

compresses abdomen

runs perpendicular to external abdominal oblique

79
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

compresses abdomen

80
Q

Trapezius

A

very superficial
shoulders and upper back
extends neck and head

81
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Chest

flex shoulder,

82
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Between ribs

elevates ribs

83
Q

Deltoid

A

Shoulder

abductor of upper limbs

84
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Center of abdomen

Compress abdomen

85
Q

External abdominal oblique

A

Sides of abdomen

Compress abdomen

86
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

Compresses abdomen

Runs perpendicular to external abdominal oblique

87
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

Compresses abdomen

88
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

4 thigh muscles. Primary extensors of the knee.

  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus medialis
  3. Vastus lateralis- used as a muscular injector site
  4. Vastus intermedius
89
Q

Hamstring

A

Posterior of thigh

Flexes knee rotates leg, extends hip

90
Q

3 hamstring muscles

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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