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Anatomy 101 > Anatomy and Physiology Ch.6 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Ch.6 Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

cartilage

A

used a a shock absorber for the joints

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1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system (5)

A
  1. protecting
  2. movement
  3. supporting
  4. storage of fat, calcium, and phosphorous
  5. Red blood cell production
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2
Q

tendons

A

tethers muscle to bone

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3
Q

ligaments

A

ligates bone to bone

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4
Q

long bon

A

bone that is longer than it is wide

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5
Q

short bone

A

bone that is about as wide as it is long

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6
Q

flat bone

A

bones that are flat

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7
Q

irregular bone

A

any bone that doesn’t fit in the other categories

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8
Q

compact bone

A

bone that is mostly solid matrix; has an osteon (haversian system)

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9
Q

spongy bone

A

aka trabecular bone or cancellous bone. has trabecular rods and is loosely packed.

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

the central part of a long bone

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11
Q

epiphysis

A

one of the ends of the long bone

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12
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the epiphysis; especially in joints to prevent abrasion

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13
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a growth plate separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis; only found in growing bones; made of cartilage, but turns to bone when growth is complete.

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14
Q

epiphyseal line

A

separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis; only found in adults that have completed bone growth

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15
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity found in the middle of the diaphysis; contains marrow

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16
Q

periosteum

A

outer layer of the diaphysis; conatins blood vessels and nerves

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17
Q

endosteum

A

inside of diaphysis lining the medullary cavity

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18
Q

Osteon ( haversian system)

A

found only in compact bone, the cells are aligned in a circular pattern around the central canal

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19
Q

lamella

A

calcium deposits within compact bones

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20
Q

canaliculi

A

small canals inside of compact bone

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21
Q

central canal

A

gap in the middle of an osteon containing blood vessels

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22
Q

osteocytes

A

maintains the bone matrix

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23
Q

osteoblasts

A

creates bone cell matrix

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24
osteoclasts
destroys bone cell matrix
25
ossification
the formation of bone by osteoblasts
26
primary ossification center
the center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear
27
secondary ossification center
the formation of bone matrix in the epiphyses
28
intramembranous ossification
when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the connective tissue membrane. most commonly found in the fetal skull. (the ossification membranes in the head are known as the soft spots on a baby's head)
29
steps in endochondral ossification (4 steps)
1. a cartilage matrix is created by chondrocytes. 2. primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis 3. the bone collar is produced, and the perrichondrium becomes the periosteum. 4. secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.
30
bone growth
bone growth occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae into existing bone or into cartilage.
31
PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
increases activity of the osteoclasts to break down bone and release it into the blood stream
32
calitonin
increases the production of the osteoblasts to make new bone cells to take calcium out of the bloodstream
33
bone (CA2+) homeostasis 3 ways
1. osteoblasts/osteoclasts can make or destroy bone 2. the small intestine can increase/decrease CA absorption (with help from vitamin D). 3. the kidneys can increase/ decrease CA reabsorption.
34
hematopoietic tissue
tissue within bone that creates blood cells
35
red bone marrow
responsible for the formation of red blood cells. in babies it is found throughout the body; in adults it is found mainly in the epiphyses of the femur and the humerus.
36
yellow bone marrow
consists of mostly fat. if this is broken into a blood stream, it can result in a fat embolism. found mostly in limb bones excluding the epiphyses of the femur and the humerus.
37
bone remodeling
involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts, and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. changes bone shape, adjusts to stress, bone repair, and calcium homeostasis.
38
bone repair (4 steps)
1. a CLOT forms in the area of the damaged bone 2. blood vessels and cells invade the clot and produce a CALLUS (made of cartilage) 3. osteoblasts enter the callus and form trabecular (SPONGY) bone. 4. the spongy bone is remodeled to form COMPACT bone.
39
Foramen
a hole in a bone.
40
Fossa
a depression in a bone
41
Process
a projection from a bone
42
condyle
smooth, round end that meets with another bone to make a joint usually
43
meatus
a canal through a bone
44
tubercle
a lump on a bone. also called a tuberosity
45
axial skeleton
everything in the skeleton that touches the midsaggital plane (the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
47
appendicular skeleton
consists of the limbs, as well as the girdles, which attache the limbs to the axial skeleton
48
synarthrosis
nonmovable joint
49
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
50
diarthrosis
freely movable joint
51
fibrous joints
2 bones that are joined by fibrous tissue and have little to no movement there are three subdivisions. sutures, syndesmosomes, and gomphoses.
52
sutures
fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.
53
fontanels
also known as soft spots, these connect the unfused bones of the skull.
54
syndesmosomes
these fibrous joints are in between bones that are separated by a distance and connected by ligaments
55
gomphoses
fibrous joints of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments.
56
cartilagenous joints
joints that have little movement. i.e. the rib/sternum
57
synovial joints
freely moving joints that contain synovial fluid in a cavity. mostly found in the appendicular skeleton. there are 6 types of synovial joints: plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and ellipsoid
58
plane joints
plane joints are 2 bones that are flat that glide with each other i.e. vertabrae
59
saddle joint
consists of 2 saddle shaped surfaces that allow 2 planes of movement. found in the thumb.
60
hinge joint
allows one axis of movement.i.e. the elbow
61
pivot joint
allows rotation. found in the radius and ulna
62
ball-and-socket joint
allows multiple axes of movement. found in the shoulder and the hip/
63
ellipsoid
elongated ball and socket joints limiting movement to two planes. found in the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone
64
flexion
to bend a joint
65
extension
to extend a joint
66
abduction
to move laterally from the body
67
adduction
to move medially to the body
68
pronation
face down
69
supination
face up
70
eversion
turning the foot so it faces laterally
71
inversion
turning the foot to face medially
72
rotation
turning
73
crest
prominent ridge
74
cornu
horn shaped process
75
facet
smooth articulating face
76
fissure
narrow slit like opening
77
fovea
small pit
78
groove (sulcus)
deep and narrow depression
79
margin
an edge of a bone
80
notch
depressed margin
81
ramus
arm-like bar of bone
82
sinus (labyrinth
cavity in a bone
83
spine
very high ridge
84
trochanter
very large bump (on femur)

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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