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Anatomy 101 > Anatomy and Physiology Ch.6 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Ch.6 Skeletal System Flashcards

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0
Q

cartilage

A

used a a shock absorber for the joints

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1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system (5)

A
  1. protecting
  2. movement
  3. supporting
  4. storage of fat, calcium, and phosphorous
  5. Red blood cell production
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2
Q

tendons

A

tethers muscle to bone

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3
Q

ligaments

A

ligates bone to bone

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4
Q

long bon

A

bone that is longer than it is wide

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5
Q

short bone

A

bone that is about as wide as it is long

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6
Q

flat bone

A

bones that are flat

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7
Q

irregular bone

A

any bone that doesn’t fit in the other categories

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8
Q

compact bone

A

bone that is mostly solid matrix; has an osteon (haversian system)

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9
Q

spongy bone

A

aka trabecular bone or cancellous bone. has trabecular rods and is loosely packed.

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

the central part of a long bone

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11
Q

epiphysis

A

one of the ends of the long bone

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12
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the epiphysis; especially in joints to prevent abrasion

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13
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a growth plate separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis; only found in growing bones; made of cartilage, but turns to bone when growth is complete.

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14
Q

epiphyseal line

A

separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis; only found in adults that have completed bone growth

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15
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity found in the middle of the diaphysis; contains marrow

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16
Q

periosteum

A

outer layer of the diaphysis; conatins blood vessels and nerves

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17
Q

endosteum

A

inside of diaphysis lining the medullary cavity

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18
Q

Osteon ( haversian system)

A

found only in compact bone, the cells are aligned in a circular pattern around the central canal

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19
Q

lamella

A

calcium deposits within compact bones

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20
Q

canaliculi

A

small canals inside of compact bone

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21
Q

central canal

A

gap in the middle of an osteon containing blood vessels

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22
Q

osteocytes

A

maintains the bone matrix

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23
Q

osteoblasts

A

creates bone cell matrix

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24
Q

osteoclasts

A

destroys bone cell matrix

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25
Q

ossification

A

the formation of bone by osteoblasts

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26
Q

primary ossification center

A

the center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear

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27
Q

secondary ossification center

A

the formation of bone matrix in the epiphyses

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28
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the connective tissue membrane. most commonly found in the fetal skull. (the ossification membranes in the head are known as the soft spots on a baby’s head)

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29
Q

steps in endochondral ossification (4 steps)

A
  1. a cartilage matrix is created by chondrocytes.
  2. primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis
  3. the bone collar is produced, and the perrichondrium becomes the periosteum.
  4. secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.
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30
Q

bone growth

A

bone growth occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae into existing bone or into cartilage.

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31
Q

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

A

increases activity of the osteoclasts to break down bone and release it into the blood stream

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32
Q

calitonin

A

increases the production of the osteoblasts to make new bone cells to take calcium out of the bloodstream

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33
Q

bone (CA2+) homeostasis 3 ways

A
  1. osteoblasts/osteoclasts can make or destroy bone
  2. the small intestine can increase/decrease CA absorption (with help from vitamin D).
  3. the kidneys can increase/ decrease CA reabsorption.
34
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

tissue within bone that creates blood cells

35
Q

red bone marrow

A

responsible for the formation of red blood cells. in babies it is found throughout the body; in adults it is found mainly in the epiphyses of the femur and the humerus.

36
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

consists of mostly fat. if this is broken into a blood stream, it can result in a fat embolism. found mostly in limb bones excluding the epiphyses of the femur and the humerus.

37
Q

bone remodeling

A

involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts, and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. changes bone shape, adjusts to stress, bone repair, and calcium homeostasis.

38
Q

bone repair (4 steps)

A
  1. a CLOT forms in the area of the damaged bone
  2. blood vessels and cells invade the clot and produce a CALLUS (made of cartilage)
  3. osteoblasts enter the callus and form trabecular (SPONGY) bone.
  4. the spongy bone is remodeled to form COMPACT bone.
39
Q

Foramen

A

a hole in a bone.

40
Q

Fossa

A

a depression in a bone

41
Q

Process

A

a projection from a bone

42
Q

condyle

A

smooth, round end that meets with another bone to make a joint usually

43
Q

meatus

A

a canal through a bone

44
Q

tubercle

A

a lump on a bone. also called a tuberosity

45
Q

axial skeleton

A

everything in the skeleton that touches the midsaggital plane (the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

47
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

consists of the limbs, as well as the girdles, which attache the limbs to the axial skeleton

48
Q

synarthrosis

A

nonmovable joint

49
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

50
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint

51
Q

fibrous joints

A

2 bones that are joined by fibrous tissue and have little to no movement
there are three subdivisions. sutures, syndesmosomes, and gomphoses.

52
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.

53
Q

fontanels

A

also known as soft spots, these connect the unfused bones of the skull.

54
Q

syndesmosomes

A

these fibrous joints are in between bones that are separated by a distance and connected by ligaments

55
Q

gomphoses

A

fibrous joints of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments.

56
Q

cartilagenous joints

A

joints that have little movement. i.e. the rib/sternum

57
Q

synovial joints

A

freely moving joints that contain synovial fluid in a cavity. mostly found in the appendicular skeleton.
there are 6 types of synovial joints: plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and ellipsoid

58
Q

plane joints

A

plane joints are 2 bones that are flat that glide with each other i.e. vertabrae

59
Q

saddle joint

A

consists of 2 saddle shaped surfaces that allow 2 planes of movement. found in the thumb.

60
Q

hinge joint

A

allows one axis of movement.i.e. the elbow

61
Q

pivot joint

A

allows rotation. found in the radius and ulna

62
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

allows multiple axes of movement. found in the shoulder and the hip/

63
Q

ellipsoid

A

elongated ball and socket joints limiting movement to two planes. found in the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone

64
Q

flexion

A

to bend a joint

65
Q

extension

A

to extend a joint

66
Q

abduction

A

to move laterally from the body

67
Q

adduction

A

to move medially to the body

68
Q

pronation

A

face down

69
Q

supination

A

face up

70
Q

eversion

A

turning the foot so it faces laterally

71
Q

inversion

A

turning the foot to face medially

72
Q

rotation

A

turning

73
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge

74
Q

cornu

A

horn shaped process

75
Q

facet

A

smooth articulating face

76
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit like opening

77
Q

fovea

A

small pit

78
Q

groove (sulcus)

A

deep and narrow depression

79
Q

margin

A

an edge of a bone

80
Q

notch

A

depressed margin

81
Q

ramus

A

arm-like bar of bone

82
Q

sinus (labyrinth

A

cavity in a bone

83
Q

spine

A

very high ridge

84
Q

trochanter

A

very large bump (on femur)

Anatomy 101 (10 decks)

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