Anatomy and physiology ch.1 The Human Organism Flashcards
systemic anatomy
study of the body by systems
regional anatomy
the study of the body by regions
anatomy
the study of the structure of the body
anatomical imaging
the use of x-rays, mris, cat scans.
physiology
the study of the function of body parts
6 levels of the human body
- atom
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
atomic level
atoms combine to form molecules
cellular level
molecules combine to form a cell
tissue level
similar cells combine to form tissue
organ level
similar tissues combine to form organs
organ system
organs with similar functions make an organ system
organism
a combination of organ systems
integumentary system
provides protection, regulates temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
consists of hair, skin, nails, sweat glands
skeletal system
provides protection, movement, makes blood cells, stores minerals and fat, consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
muscular system
provides movement and produces body heat. consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. 3 types of muscle: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
lymphatic system
removes foreign substances from the blood, assists in the production of lymphocytes, maintains fluid in tissues, and absorbs fat/ fat soluble materials from the digestive tract. consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, pancreas
respiratory system
consists of the nose, the nasal cavity, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchial tree, and the lungs.
used for breathing, serves to extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide buildup (gas exchange). helps to maintain the ph balance of the body.
digestive system
consists of the mouth, the throat, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum, and the anus. functions to ingest food, digest, absorb nutrients from food, and eliminates waste.
nervous system
consists of the brain, the spinal cord, nerves, detects changes outside and inside of the body. serves the body to control the muscles
endocrine system
introduces hormones into the body, regulates growth, controls blood sugars, regulates metabolism.
cardiovascular system
moves blood around the body. used to move nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and hormones.
urinary system
consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. moves nitrogenous wastes, regulates body PH, and maintains fluids and ion balance.
reproductive system
consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and the penis.
negative feedback
maintains homeostasis
receptor
monitors the value of a varible
control center
establishes a set point which a variable is to be maintained around
effector
something that can change the value of the variable
positive feedback
goes away from homeostasis. i.e. during birth, the brain will tell the body to contract more to release the baby
anatomical position
standing straight up, feet forward, and palms facing out.
prone
belly down
supine
belly up
superior
going towards the head or cephalically
inferior
moving towards the feet
caudal
dealing with the feet
medial
going to the center line of the body
lateral
going away from the center line of the body
proximal
meaning close by to a point
distal
meaning far away from a point
anterior
ventral of the front of the body
posterior
dorsal or the back of the body
sagittal
separating the left and right halves of the body
midsagittal
line in the middle of the body separating left and right halves
transverse
splits the body into superior and inferior halves
frontal
the coronal plane, splits the body into a posterior half and an anterior half
oblique
splits the body into a diagonal plane
cephalad
the head area
frontal
the forehead
orbital
the eye region
nasal
the nose region
oral
the mouth region
otic
the ear region
buccal
the cheek region
mental
the brain
cervical
the front of the neck
thoracic
the trunk of the body above the diaphragm
pectoral
the chest area
sternal
the sternum
mammary
the nipple region
coxal
the hip region
iguinal
the area around the genitals
axillary
the armpit
brachial
the arm
antecubital
the bend in the elbow
antebrachial
the forearm
carpal
the wrist
palmar
the palm
phalanges
digits of the hand and the foot
femoral
the thigh region
patellar
the knee
crural
the shin
sural
the calf
popliteal
the back of the knee
olecranal
the elbow
tarsal
the ankle
plantar
the sole of the foot
calcaneal
the heel
sacral
point between hips
occipital
the back of the head
nuchal
the back of the neck
acromial
the point of the shoulder
lumbar
the lower back
thoracic cavity
contains the heart, the lungs, and the mediastinum
mediastinum
contains part of the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus
pleural cavity
contains the lungs
pericardium
sac that contains the heart
tic tac toe grid of the abdomen
r hypochondriac, r lumbar, r iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, l hypochondriac, l lumbar, l iliac
visceral membrane
inner wall of the serous membrane
parietal membrane
outer wall of the serous membrane
peritoneum
the abdominal membrane that covers the abdominal wall and the organs
mesenteries
attaches the organ to the abdominal wall
retroperitoneal
organs located behind the peritoneum; includes the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas,parts of the intestines, and part of the urinary bladder
