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Human Physiology 1 (HLSC 126) > Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Muscle fiber

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2
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The membrane surrounding muscle fibers

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3
Q

How many nuclei do muscle fibers have?

A

Several nuclei

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4
Q

What organelle is responsible for energy production in muscle fibers?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What type of energy is produced by glycogen?

A

Energy from glucose

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6
Q

What are lateral sacs also known as?

A

Terminal cisternae

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7
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

A

Calcium ions

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8
Q

What is the function of T-tubules?

A

Bring action potential to the center of the muscle fiber

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9
Q

What type of muscle is striated muscle?

A

Smooth muscle is non-striated

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10
Q

What are the two types of contractile proteins in muscle fibers?

A

Myosin and actin

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11
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?

A

Covers binding sites on actin

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12
Q

What is the function of troponin?

A

Binds calcium and triggers tropomyosin movement

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13
Q

What is the function of titin in muscle fibers?

A

Stabilizes myosin molecules

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14
Q

What is the function of nebulin?

A

Stabilizes actin molecules

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15
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The striated region of a muscle fiber

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16
Q

What is the I band in a sarcomere?

A

Region with actin by itself

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17
Q

What is the H zone in a sarcomere?

A

Region with myosin by itself

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18
Q

What is the A band in a sarcomere?

A

Overlap of myosin and actin

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19
Q

What causes the striations in striated muscle?

A

The dark color of the A band

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20
Q

What is the role of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

A

It facilitates the transmission of action potentials to muscle fibers.

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21
Q

What are T-tubules and their function?

A

They help transmit action potentials into the muscle fiber and trigger calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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22
Q

What do ryanodine receptors (RUBI) do?

A

They release calcium from lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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23
Q

What is the first step in muscle contraction involving calcium?

A

Calcium binds to troponin.

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24
Q

What happens to tropomyosin when calcium binds to troponin?

A

Tropomyosin gets removed, exposing actin binding sites.

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25
Q

What is the term for the muscle contraction that occurs due to a single stimulation?

A

Twitch.

26
Q

What is the difference between summation and tetanus in muscle contractions?

A

Summation is the increase in force with repeated stimulation, while tetanus is sustained contraction due to high-frequency stimulation.

27
Q

What is the optimal length for generating maximal force in muscle contraction?

A

Optimal length = optimal force.

28
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

ATP is necessary for forming cross-bridges and releasing myosin from actin.

29
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A
  • Concentric - towards the center of the body
  • Eccentric - away from the center of the body.
30
Q

What type of contraction occurs during a plank, pilates, or yoga?

A

Isometric contraction.

31
Q

What happens during muscle relaxation?

A

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

32
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

A condition where no ATP is available, causing calcium to be bound and resulting in stiffness.

33
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

34
Q

What type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Oxidative respiration.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: The sliding filament model involves the interaction of _______ and myosin.

A

actin.

36
Q

True or False: Isometric contractions result in movement.

A

False.

37
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Unstriated, dense bodies, poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, does not have troponin

Smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in structure and function.

38
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin in smooth muscle?

A

Tropomyosin is present but functions differently than in skeletal muscle

In smooth muscle, tropomyosin does not block myosin binding sites as it does in skeletal muscle.

39
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle?

A

Multi-unit smooth muscle and single-unit smooth muscle

Each type has distinct structural and functional characteristics.

40
Q

How is multi-unit smooth muscle stimulated?

A

Each cell is independently stimulated

Examples include the iris and ciliary muscle.

41
Q

How is single-unit smooth muscle characterized?

A

Electrically linked cells, functioning as a unit

This type is commonly found in organ systems.

42
Q

What is a key advantage of smooth muscle?

A

Uses much less energy than skeletal muscle

This efficiency is beneficial for long-term contractions.

43
Q

What is the function of gap junctions in smooth muscle?

A

Allow electrical coupling between cells

This enables coordinated contractions in single-unit smooth muscle.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: Smooth muscle has _______ bodies instead of Z lines.

A

dense

Dense bodies serve as anchorage points for the contractile apparatus.

45
Q

True or False: Smooth muscle has a well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

False

Smooth muscle has a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum compared to skeletal muscle.

46
Q

What activates crossbridge formation in smooth muscle?

A

Calcium ions

Calcium binds to calmodulin, which activates myosin light chain kinase.

47
Q

What is the significance of pacemaker activity in smooth muscle?

A

It helps regulate rhythmic contractions

Pacemaker cells can initiate spontaneous contractions in some smooth muscle tissues.

48
Q

What are the two main types of muscle fibers?

A

Fast and Slow

Fast fibers are used for quick bursts of activity, while slow fibers are used for endurance activities.

49
Q

What type of activities predominantly use slow muscle fibers?

A

Walking, posture

Slow fibers are utilized frequently for activities that require endurance.

50
Q

What type of activities predominantly use fast muscle fibers?

A

Sprinting, piano playing

Fast fibers are used occasionally for activities requiring quick bursts of energy.

51
Q

What is the primary role of mitochondria in muscle fibers?

A

Energy production

Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production, crucial for muscle function.

52
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells

Myoglobin is particularly abundant in red muscle fibers.

53
Q

What are the two types of muscle fatigue?

A

Central Fatigue and Peripheral Fatigue

Central fatigue involves the brain’s influence, while peripheral fatigue relates to muscle function.

54
Q

What is central fatigue?

A

Mind over matter phenomenon

Central fatigue can affect performance due to psychological factors.

55
Q

What disease is associated with muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

This is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration.

56
Q

What is dystrophin?

A

A protein that holds muscle fibers together

Dystrophin attaches muscle fibers to the sarcolemma.

57
Q

What role does lactic acid play in muscle fatigue?

A

It accumulates during intense exercise

Lactic acid buildup can contribute to muscle fatigue and soreness.

58
Q

What is the primary function of the Golgi Tendon Organ?

A

Governs tension in muscles

The Golgi tendon organ helps prevent muscle damage by sensing tension.

59
Q

What is the role of muscle spindle receptors?

A

Governs stretch in muscles

Muscle spindles are sensory receptors that detect changes in muscle length.

60
Q

Which levels of the nervous system control motor movement?

A

Spinal Cord, Brain Stem, Motor Cortex

Each level plays a distinct role in the coordination of movement.

61
Q

True or False: Cardiac and respiratory failure can affect muscle function.

A

True

These conditions can lead to reduced oxygen supply and muscle performance.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for the stretch reflex in muscles.

A

muscle spindle

Muscle spindles detect stretch and initiate reflex actions.

Human Physiology 1 (HLSC 126) (8 decks)

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