Chapter 2: Cellular Physiology Flashcards
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
- barrier
- transport
- Communication
Describe the Nucleus
- has a nuclear envelope with pores
- contains DNA
- has a nucleolus which makes ribosomal parts which then travel through pores, with the help of vaults, into the cytoplasm
Describe the cytoplasm
All of the cell, minus the nucleus
Made of 3 parts:
- cytosol (gel like)
- organelles (membrane bound)
- inclusions (non-membrane bound)
What are the 5 cell organelles?
1) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
2) Golgi Complex
3) Lysosomes
4) Peroxisomes
5) Mitochondria
Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Made up of tubes with lumen inside
1) rough (RER)
- has ribosomes
• Protein synthesis
2) smooth (SER)
- packages protein
• transport vesicles
- Steroid/lipid/hormone synthesis
- liver + kidneys detoxify
- Muscle SER -> SR
• sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium
Describe the Golgi complex
a) sort proteins
b) add signal
c) address to destination (secretory vesicles)
Describe The lysozymes
- sacs that house enzymes, which break down harmful things in the cell
• Tay-Sachs disease (no lysosomes)
Describe the peroxisomes
• detoxify cells of harmful substances
Describe the mitochondria
- Energy molecule
- two membranes
• McArdle disease and Kearn-Sayre disease (not sufficient mitochondria)
What are the three cellular inclusions?
1) ribosomes
2) Vaults
3) centrioles
What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis:
- somatic cells
- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- 2 identical daughter cells
Meiosis:
- gonads
- n = 23
- genetically unique daughter cells
What is the cellular membrane composed of?
1) phosolipid
2) cholesterol
3) proteins (integral and peripheral)
4) carbohydrates
What is the 7 functions of cellular membrane proteins?
1) form channels
2) enzymes
3) docking markers
4) carriers (uniport, symport, antiport)
5) receptor sites
6) glycoproteins
7) cell to cell attachment
What is the job of cholesterol in plasma membrane?
- stabilize over temperature change
- prevent fatty acids from crystallizing
- provide fluidity
What is the job of carbohydrates in plasma membrane?
- identify self from others
- blood groups
- boundary lines
- Guide cells together to create tissues, and eventually organs
What are The three types of glue cells?
1) Cell Addition molecules (CAMs)
2) extra cellular matrix
3) junctions
Describe The extra cellular matrix as a glue cell
• Secreted by tissue
• composition/amount/properties vary
• any change will equal a disease
• three types
1) collagen for strength
2) elastic for stretch
3) Fibronectin to hold position
What are the three junctions?
1) tight junctions
2) desmosomes
3) Gap junctions
What is osmosis?
- water moves with the concentration gradient
• isotonic: same concentration
• hypotonic: lower than normal concentration
• hypertonic: higher than normal concentration
What is diffusion?
- small molecules can cross the membrane
• from high to low concentration
• example, oxygen, and carbon dioxide - Fick’s Law
• higher solubility equals faster, diffusion
• higher weight equals slower diffusion
What is facilitated diffusion?
- High to low concentration
- Will reach equilibrium
- uses a carrier
What are the three types of membrane transport that don’t use energy?
1) osmosis
2) diffusion
3) facilitated diffusion
What are the two types of membrane transport that do use energy?
1) Active transport
2) vestibular transport ( endocytosis and exocytosis)
What is Active transport?
- ATP is used
- goes against the concentration gradient
- Will result in disequilibrium
- uses a carrier
- two types (primary and secondary)
What are the five types of intercellular communications?
1) Autocrine signal (same cell)
2) paracrine signal (different cell)
3) Neurocrine Signal
4) Hormones
5) Cytokines
What are the 4 steps of the Kreb’s Cycle?
1) glycolysis
2) Citric Acid
3) electron transport chain
4) total ATP formed
Describe glycolysis
1 glucose goes in
Result: two pyruvic acid, two ATP, and two NADH
Describe the citric acid cycle
- The two pyruvic acid produce to NADH, and to acetyl CoA
- The acetyl CoA uses up all carbon dioxide and water, but produces two ATP, six NADH, and 2FADH2
Describe the electron transport chain
- REDOX occurs in the mitochondria to transform hydrogen into ATP
What it is the total ATP formed from one glucose?
- each NADH = 3ATP
- each FADH = 2 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Citric acid cycle = 2 ATP
ETC = 34 ATP
Total = 38 ATP
Net = 36 ATP
