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Human Physiology 1 (HLSC 126) > Chapter 2: Cellular Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cellular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A
  • barrier
  • transport
  • Communication
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2
Q

Describe the Nucleus

A
  • has a nuclear envelope with pores
  • contains DNA
  • has a nucleolus which makes ribosomal parts which then travel through pores, with the help of vaults, into the cytoplasm
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3
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

All of the cell, minus the nucleus
Made of 3 parts:
- cytosol (gel like)
- organelles (membrane bound)
- inclusions (non-membrane bound)

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4
Q

What are the 5 cell organelles?

A

1) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
2) Golgi Complex
3) Lysosomes
4) Peroxisomes
5) Mitochondria

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5
Q

Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Made up of tubes with lumen inside
1) rough (RER)
- has ribosomes
• Protein synthesis
2) smooth (SER)
- packages protein
• transport vesicles
- Steroid/lipid/hormone synthesis
- liver + kidneys detoxify
- Muscle SER -> SR
• sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium

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6
Q

Describe the Golgi complex

A

a) sort proteins
b) add signal
c) address to destination (secretory vesicles)

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7
Q

Describe The lysozymes

A
  • sacs that house enzymes, which break down harmful things in the cell
    • Tay-Sachs disease (no lysosomes)
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8
Q

Describe the peroxisomes

A

• detoxify cells of harmful substances

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9
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A
  • Energy molecule
  • two membranes
    • McArdle disease and Kearn-Sayre disease (not sufficient mitochondria)
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10
Q

What are the three cellular inclusions?

A

1) ribosomes
2) Vaults
3) centrioles

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11
Q

What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

A

Mitosis:
- somatic cells
- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- 2 identical daughter cells
Meiosis:
- gonads
- n = 23
- genetically unique daughter cells

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12
Q

What is the cellular membrane composed of?

A

1) phosolipid
2) cholesterol
3) proteins (integral and peripheral)
4) carbohydrates

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13
Q

What is the 7 functions of cellular membrane proteins?

A

1) form channels
2) enzymes
3) docking markers
4) carriers (uniport, symport, antiport)
5) receptor sites
6) glycoproteins
7) cell to cell attachment

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14
Q

What is the job of cholesterol in plasma membrane?

A
  • stabilize over temperature change
  • prevent fatty acids from crystallizing
  • provide fluidity
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15
Q

What is the job of carbohydrates in plasma membrane?

A
  • identify self from others
  • blood groups
  • boundary lines
  • Guide cells together to create tissues, and eventually organs
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16
Q

What are The three types of glue cells?

A

1) Cell Addition molecules (CAMs)
2) extra cellular matrix
3) junctions

17
Q

Describe The extra cellular matrix as a glue cell

A

• Secreted by tissue
• composition/amount/properties vary
• any change will equal a disease
• three types
1) collagen for strength
2) elastic for stretch
3) Fibronectin to hold position

18
Q

What are the three junctions?

A

1) tight junctions
2) desmosomes
3) Gap junctions

19
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • water moves with the concentration gradient
    • isotonic: same concentration
    • hypotonic: lower than normal concentration
    • hypertonic: higher than normal concentration
20
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • small molecules can cross the membrane
    • from high to low concentration
    • example, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
  • Fick’s Law
    • higher solubility equals faster, diffusion
    • higher weight equals slower diffusion
21
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • High to low concentration
  • Will reach equilibrium
  • uses a carrier
22
Q

What are the three types of membrane transport that don’t use energy?

A

1) osmosis
2) diffusion
3) facilitated diffusion

23
Q

What are the two types of membrane transport that do use energy?

A

1) Active transport
2) vestibular transport ( endocytosis and exocytosis)

24
Q

What is Active transport?

A
  • ATP is used
  • goes against the concentration gradient
  • Will result in disequilibrium
  • uses a carrier
  • two types (primary and secondary)
25
Q

What are the five types of intercellular communications?

A

1) Autocrine signal (same cell)
2) paracrine signal (different cell)
3) Neurocrine Signal
4) Hormones
5) Cytokines

26
Q

What are the 4 steps of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

1) glycolysis
2) Citric Acid
3) electron transport chain
4) total ATP formed

27
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

1 glucose goes in
Result: two pyruvic acid, two ATP, and two NADH

28
Q

Describe the citric acid cycle

A
  • The two pyruvic acid produce to NADH, and to acetyl CoA
  • The acetyl CoA uses up all carbon dioxide and water, but produces two ATP, six NADH, and 2FADH2
29
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A
  • REDOX occurs in the mitochondria to transform hydrogen into ATP
30
Q

What it is the total ATP formed from one glucose?

A
  • each NADH = 3ATP
  • each FADH = 2 ATP
    Glycolysis = 2 ATP
    Citric acid cycle = 2 ATP
    ETC = 34 ATP
    Total = 38 ATP
    Net = 36 ATP

Human Physiology 1 (HLSC 126) (5 decks)

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