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Human Physiology 1 (HLSC 126) > Chapter 4: The CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

1) afferent (af) (advancing to)
- starts in the PNS end in the CNS
2) interneurons
- memory
- Learning
- motivation
- in the CNS
3) Efferent neurons (ef) (exit)
- starts in the CNS ends in the PNS

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of PNS glial cells?

A

1) satellite
2) Schwann cell

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of CNS glial cells?

A

1) Oligodendrocyte
2) Astrocyte
3) microglia
4) Empendymal

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4
Q

What is the function of Empedymal glial cells?

A

1) line ventricle/cavities
2) produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
3) act as stem cells
4) a barrier

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5
Q

What is the function of satellite glial cells?

A
  • form capsule around the cell body
    • called a ganglia
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6
Q

What is the function of the Schwann glial cells?

A

Form myelin

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7
Q

What is the function of the oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin

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8
Q

What is the functions of the astrocyte glial cells?

A
  • secrete paracrine signals
    • form tight junctions called the blood brain barrier
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9
Q

What is the functions of the microglia cells?

A
  • stationary cells
  • scavenges through immune cells
  • bad thing: overzealous can cause diseases
    • dementia
    • HIV
    • Parkinson’s
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10
Q

What is glialblastoma?

A

• cancer of the glial cells
- fought through engineered polio virus using receptor mediated endocytosis

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11
Q

What are the 4 brain supports?

A

1) Skull/Cranium
2) meninges
3) Cerebral Spinal Fluid
4) Blood Brain Barrier

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12
Q

Describe the Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • salty solution (high Na+)
  • replenish 3x a day about 125-150mls
  • shock absorber/padding
  • buoyancy -> 30% reduced weight
  • epidimal in 3rd and 4th ventricles (choroid plexus)
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13
Q

What are the 9 characteristics of the Cerebrum?

A
  1. Two hemispheres
  2. Grey and white matter
  3. 4 areas
  4. Corpus collosum
  5. Gyrus and sulcus
  6. Dominant sides
  7. Association Areas
  8. Homunculus
  9. Language
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14
Q

Describe the blood brain barrier

A
  • selective permeability
  • absent from hypothalamus and vomiting centre of the medulla oblongata
  • loss of dopamine secreting neurons = PD -> treated through leva-dopa which can cross bbb
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15
Q

Describe the Meninges

A
  • 3 layers
    1. Dura matter: veins
    2. Arachnoid matter: cobweb like structure
    3. Pia matter: in arteries to supply blood to the brain
  • meningitis = infected/ inflamed meninges
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16
Q

What is the function of the sulcus and gyrus?

A

To increase brain surface area

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17
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

Relay centre and the centre of the brain

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18
Q

What are the four areas of the cerebrum?

A

1) temporal
2) parietal
3) frontal
4) occipital

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19
Q

What is the function of the temporal part of the brain?

A

Sound

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20
Q

What is the function of the occipital part of the brain?

A

Sight/visual

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21
Q

What is the function of the parietal part of the brain?

A

Receives/processes sensation (sensory region)

22
Q

What is the function of the frontal part of the brain?

A
  • motor cortex
  • speech
23
Q

What are the 6 association areas?

A
  1. Prefrontal
  2. Parietal-temporal-occipital
  3. Limbic
  4. Supplementary motor area
  5. pre motor
  6. Posterior parietal
24
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association area?

A
  • “brainstorm”
    • plan
    • personality
    • decisions
    • creating
25
Q

What is the function of the limbic association area

A
  • motivation
  • memory
  • Emotion
26
Q

What is the function of the parietal-temporal-occipital association area?

A

Complete picture of the body’s external environment

27
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A
  • understand/comprehend language
  • failing: receptor aphasia can’t understand/comprehend language
28
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A
  • form words
  • failing: expressive aphasia can form words
    • produce not normal syntax
29
Q

Describe the basal nuclei loop

A

Motor cortex <—-> thalamus <—-> basal nuclei

30
Q

What are the functions of the basal Nulei?

A

1) muscle tone
2) selects
3) inhibits

31
Q

What are some diseases that result from the failing of the Basal Nuclei?

A
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
  • Tourette’s
  • OCD
32
Q

Describe Huntington’s disease in relation to the Basal Nuclei

A
  • genetic
  • loss of coordination
  • wheelchair bound
  • dementia
  • decline in muscle activity
  • chorea (dance) movements
33
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease in relation to the Basal Nuclei

A
  • tremors
  • altered gate
  • difficulty initiating movement due to muscle rigidity
  • reptilian stare (don’t blink)
  • stoop
34
Q

What are the three functions of the Thalamus?

A

1) relay station
2) crude bodily awareness
3) awareness of stimuli of special interest
- baby crying -> parent knows

35
Q

What are the three functions of the hypothalamus

A

Preservation:
1. Fight or flight
2. Temperature control
3. Satiety

36
Q

What are the four parts of the limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Fornix
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
37
Q

Describe the Cingulate Gyrus

A
  • emotions with gestures
38
Q

Describe the fornix

A
  • unsure of function
  • possibly aids in memory recall
39
Q

Describe the Hippocampus

A
  • site of new neurons
  • memory consolidation (storage)
  • declarative memories -> episodic
    -Lost in Alzheimer’s
40
Q

Describe the amygdala

A
  • 22 distinct regions
  • fear (fight and flight) (prefrontal cortex)
41
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

1 midbrain
2 medulla oblongata
3 pons

42
Q

Describe the midbrain

A
  • auditory reflexes
  • visual movements
43
Q

Describe the Pons

A
  • “bridge” between upper and lower
  • breathing
44
Q

Describe the medulla oblongata

A
  • Blood pressure
  • breathing
  • swallowing
  • vomiting centre
45
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System?

A

RAS aids with:
- breathing
- blood pressure
- pain
- stretch

46
Q

What are the 3 cerebellum types?

A

1) Spino cerebellum
2) cerebro cerebellum
3) vestibulo cerebellum

47
Q

Describe the spino cerebellum

A
  • skilled/precise/voluntary activity
    • through muscle tone
  • “middle manager”
    • higher cortex <- performance of muscles
48
Q

Describe the cerebro cerebellum

A
  • procedural memory
    •caused by repeated movements
49
Q

Describe the vestibulo cerebellum

A
  • eye
  • inner ear
    • balance
50
Q

What are the two types of reflexes?

A

1) simple / innate
2) acquired

51
Q

What are some examples of simple / innate reflexes?

A

1) babinskis (24 months)
2) Moro
3) sucking
4) Landeu

52
Q

What is an example of acquired reflexes?

A
  • toilet training

Human Physiology 1 (HLSC 126) (8 decks)

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