Chapter 4: The CNS Flashcards
What are the 3 types of neurons?
1) afferent (af) (advancing to)
- starts in the PNS end in the CNS
2) interneurons
- memory
- Learning
- motivation
- in the CNS
3) Efferent neurons (ef) (exit)
- starts in the CNS ends in the PNS
What are the 2 types of PNS glial cells?
1) satellite
2) Schwann cell
What are the 4 types of CNS glial cells?
1) Oligodendrocyte
2) Astrocyte
3) microglia
4) Empendymal
What is the function of Empedymal glial cells?
1) line ventricle/cavities
2) produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
3) act as stem cells
4) a barrier
What is the function of satellite glial cells?
- form capsule around the cell body
• called a ganglia
What is the function of the Schwann glial cells?
Form myelin
What is the function of the oligodendrocytes?
Form myelin
What is the functions of the astrocyte glial cells?
- secrete paracrine signals
• form tight junctions called the blood brain barrier
What is the functions of the microglia cells?
- stationary cells
- scavenges through immune cells
- bad thing: overzealous can cause diseases
• dementia
• HIV
• Parkinson’s
What is glialblastoma?
• cancer of the glial cells
- fought through engineered polio virus using receptor mediated endocytosis
What are the 4 brain supports?
1) Skull/Cranium
2) meninges
3) Cerebral Spinal Fluid
4) Blood Brain Barrier
Describe the Cerebral Spinal Fluid
- salty solution (high Na+)
- replenish 3x a day about 125-150mls
- shock absorber/padding
- buoyancy -> 30% reduced weight
- epidimal in 3rd and 4th ventricles (choroid plexus)
What are the 9 characteristics of the Cerebrum?
- Two hemispheres
- Grey and white matter
- 4 areas
- Corpus collosum
- Gyrus and sulcus
- Dominant sides
- Association Areas
- Homunculus
- Language
Describe the blood brain barrier
- selective permeability
- absent from hypothalamus and vomiting centre of the medulla oblongata
- loss of dopamine secreting neurons = PD -> treated through leva-dopa which can cross bbb
Describe the Meninges
- 3 layers
1. Dura matter: veins
2. Arachnoid matter: cobweb like structure
3. Pia matter: in arteries to supply blood to the brain - meningitis = infected/ inflamed meninges
What is the function of the sulcus and gyrus?
To increase brain surface area
What is the corpus collosum?
Relay centre and the centre of the brain
What are the four areas of the cerebrum?
1) temporal
2) parietal
3) frontal
4) occipital
What is the function of the temporal part of the brain?
Sound
What is the function of the occipital part of the brain?
Sight/visual
What is the function of the parietal part of the brain?
Receives/processes sensation (sensory region)
What is the function of the frontal part of the brain?
- motor cortex
- speech
What are the 6 association areas?
- Prefrontal
- Parietal-temporal-occipital
- Limbic
- Supplementary motor area
- pre motor
- Posterior parietal
What is the function of the prefrontal association area?
- “brainstorm”
• plan
• personality
• decisions
• creating
What is the function of the limbic association area
- motivation
- memory
- Emotion
What is the function of the parietal-temporal-occipital association area?
Complete picture of the body’s external environment
What is the function of Wernicke’s area?
- understand/comprehend language
- failing: receptor aphasia can’t understand/comprehend language
What is the function of Broca’s area?
- form words
- failing: expressive aphasia can form words
• produce not normal syntax
Describe the basal nuclei loop
Motor cortex <—-> thalamus <—-> basal nuclei
What are the functions of the basal Nulei?
1) muscle tone
2) selects
3) inhibits
What are some diseases that result from the failing of the Basal Nuclei?
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Tourette’s
- OCD
Describe Huntington’s disease in relation to the Basal Nuclei
- genetic
- loss of coordination
- wheelchair bound
- dementia
- decline in muscle activity
- chorea (dance) movements
Describe Parkinson’s disease in relation to the Basal Nuclei
- tremors
- altered gate
- difficulty initiating movement due to muscle rigidity
- reptilian stare (don’t blink)
- stoop
What are the three functions of the Thalamus?
1) relay station
2) crude bodily awareness
3) awareness of stimuli of special interest
- baby crying -> parent knows
What are the three functions of the hypothalamus
Preservation:
1. Fight or flight
2. Temperature control
3. Satiety
What are the four parts of the limbic system?
- Cingulate gyrus
- Fornix
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
Describe the Cingulate Gyrus
- emotions with gestures
Describe the fornix
- unsure of function
- possibly aids in memory recall
Describe the Hippocampus
- site of new neurons
- memory consolidation (storage)
- declarative memories -> episodic
-Lost in Alzheimer’s
Describe the amygdala
- 22 distinct regions
- fear (fight and flight) (prefrontal cortex)
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
1 midbrain
2 medulla oblongata
3 pons
Describe the midbrain
- auditory reflexes
- visual movements
Describe the Pons
- “bridge” between upper and lower
- breathing
Describe the medulla oblongata
- Blood pressure
- breathing
- swallowing
- vomiting centre
What is the Reticular Activating System?
RAS aids with:
- breathing
- blood pressure
- pain
- stretch
What are the 3 cerebellum types?
1) Spino cerebellum
2) cerebro cerebellum
3) vestibulo cerebellum
Describe the spino cerebellum
- skilled/precise/voluntary activity
• through muscle tone - “middle manager”
• higher cortex <- performance of muscles
Describe the cerebro cerebellum
- procedural memory
•caused by repeated movements
Describe the vestibulo cerebellum
- eye
- inner ear
• balance
What are the two types of reflexes?
1) simple / innate
2) acquired
What are some examples of simple / innate reflexes?
1) babinskis (24 months)
2) Moro
3) sucking
4) Landeu
What is an example of acquired reflexes?
- toilet training
