Chapter 8 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
What does the Arousal Theory assume?
That people may have different and optimum levels of emotional arousal
which may go beyond the point of a need or desire being satisfied or reduced.
What is generally assumed with regards to arousal for simple and complex tasks?
Simple tasks may need higher levels of arousal and complex tasks lower levels in order to be performed optimally.
What is Intrinsic motivation?
Motivation characterised by goal-directed behaviour where the motivation is intrinsic to the person. Some people do things for sheer pleasure whilst others may not enjoy the same activity.
Explain Positive Motivation.
Emphasis is on positive emotions, behaviours and resources in people eg. Happiness, joy humour
which contribute to
resilience, optimal functioning and health
The Hawthorne studies involved 2 experiments on human motivation. Name them.
1) Varying the light in the workplace
2) the effectiveness of the piece-rate system (paid per unit produced)
What was the key insights to the Hawthorne studies?
That human factors are at least as important as the rate of payment.
The outcomes of the Hawthorne studies led to the birth of?
The Human Relations Movement in management.
This movement said:
Employees who are happy and satisfied with their work are motivated ti perform better
What does Drive-reduction approaches assert?
That bodily, social and emotional needs
may arouse certain
drives, desires, needs or motives
eg. hunger and to be loved
Who conducted the Hawthorne studies?
Elton Mayo from 1927 - 1932
Walter Cannon first proposed in 1929 that behaviour was controlled by?
Homeostatic Drives
What does the Homeostatic Theory propose?
Our behaviour is determined
by the body’s need to maintain a constant
level of physiological functioning.
Physiological drives
are determined by tissue needs
that are satisfied by the activation of brain hormones, which leads to the release of hormones.
What is one of the best-known theories concerning physiological needs and who proposed it?
The Homeostatic Drive theory
Hull in 1943
What are the 3 main features of Homeostasis?
1) has a set point that identifies ideal rage ( eg 37 degrees body temperature)
2) corrective mechanism in hypothalamus detects deviations from set point
3) prospective element that help people predict future changes that may occur
Factors that motivate people are not the same but determined by?
Personal characteristics driven by personal values
Define values.
An enduring belief that
a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable
to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence
Ie. They are personal beliefs that have an emotional value and are developed through experiences and cognitions. They are similar to needs in that they arouse, direct and sustain behaviour.
Many needs are inborn whereas values are?
Learnt through experiences and cognitions. Values guide behaviour
they are the standards we use to make decisions
What is a simple definition of personality?
Those characteristics of individuals that describe and account for consistent patterns of feelings, cognition and behaving.
Whilst behaviour is driven by personality and values a distinction can be made?
Between extrinsic and intrinsic sources of motivation.
Which approach governs the procedures for Behavioural Modification?
The Law of Effect (BF Skinner)
Explain the Law of Effect?
Behaviours that are followed by a positive outcome will be repeated
whilst those followed by negative outcomes
will not be repeated
What use does Positive Reinforcement have?
To modify behaviour
Goal Setting Theory is based on the idea that?
Behaviour is regulated by intentions
The very influential book on goal setting theory is “The one minute manager” by Blanchard and Johnson. Which approach is set out in this book?
MBO ( management by objectives) approach to management
What is the Goal Setting theory based on?
The principle the employees are motivated by conscious goals that direct and energise them which have been set in conjunction with their managers
Name the 3 key fundamentals underlying GOAL SETTING THEORY.
1) Specific clear goals lead to higher performance
2) The higher the goal the higher the level of performance. (Depending on commitment)
3) Monetary incentives, participative-decision-making, feedback and knowledge of results
only affective if employee is committed
Success of goal setting is based on the concept of “ego investment”. What is this?
If employee is involved in the goal setting the goals become “our” goals.
Name the 5 principles in effective Goal Setting.
SMART Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time frame
In MBO a key aspect is to set measurable goals. Good goals in terms of MBO include?
A clear description
Specific deadlines
Resources to be used
The primary assumption at the heart of MBO is?
Self control
Employee takes responsibility and will be driven to achieve set goals
as long as they have
the resources and support of the organisation
What 5 core job dimensions determine any job’s motivational potential?
1) skill variety
2) task identity (whole or piece of work)
3) task significance
4) autonomy
5) feedback
The degree to which the diff job dimentions are present in a job will influence 3 critical psychological states. Name them?
Meaningfulness
Responsibility
Knowledge
What are the 5 positive personal and work outcomes with the combination of the core job dimensions and critical psychological states?
High internal work motivation High quality work performance High levels of satisfaction Lower levels of absenteeism Low levels of turnover
What 3 possible job strategies can be used to improve core job dimensions?
Job rotation
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
People are intrinsically motivated when they?
Engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge or sheer enjoyment
There are currently 2 concepts that describe internal motivation. Name them.
Flow - person’s optimal experience or sheer enjoyment and absorption in work to complete tasks and achieve certain
Engagement - more than just involvement, refers to passionate involvement working towards a certain objective
Which 3 theories focus on intrinsic sources of motivation?
1) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2) Alderfer’s ERG theory
3) McClelland’s needs theory
Which 4 theories focus on internal cognitive processes involved in the assessment of motivational stimuli?
Expectancy theory
Equity theory
Self-efficacy
Cognitive evaluations
What are the 5 order of needs Maslow identified?
1) Physiological - food, water, shelter, sex
2) Safety - physical and physiological
3) Social - friendship, affection, belonging, love
4) Ego - achievement, independence, freedom, self-esteem
5) Self actualisation - achieving full potential
What personality characteristics are associated with Self-Actualisation?
- Greater understanding of situations
- Ability to react to changing circumstances
- Acceptance of others and yourself
- Ability to question existing norms whilst not being deliberately unconventional
- Concern for the welfare of others
- Develop interpersonal relationships that are satisfying
- Highly creative
- Having sound moral ethic standards
- Good sense of humour
Gorman noted 4 important assumptions that underlie Maslow’s theory. Name them.
- lower needs need to be fulfilled before higher needs can be
- they are linked to human development
- lower needs predominantly physiological and higher needs life experience
- capable of achieving more than others
Alderfer proposed the ERG theory to address some of the limitations in Maslow’s theory. Name the 3 levels he added.
Existence- all physical and material needs
Relatedness - relationships where feelings and thoughts are shared
Growth - to be productive, change oneself and environment
McClelland’s needs theory proposed that people work to fulfil 3 needs?
Need for AFFILIATION (NAff)
Need for ACHIEVEMENT (NAch)
Need for POWER (NPow)
According to McClelland’s needs theory people with a high NAch tend to?
- set achievable goals
- seek to master tasks
- constantly strive to improve
- strong sense of initiative
- enjoy assuming personal responsibility
- place value on personal and org growth
Who formulated the Expectancy theory?
Victor Vroom
What does the Expectancy theory say?
People are rational beings
who analyse cost and benefit
of possible behaviours
According to Vroom’s Expectancy Theory employees are motivated by the expected results of their actions which comprise of 3 elements. What are they?
VALENCE - degree of satisfaction
INSTRUMENTALITY - belief that actions will lead to desired outcome
EXPECTANCY - probability that outcome will be achieved
The Equity theory’s cornerstone is?
Fairness
What is the Equity Theory about?
People hold the belief that they should receive the same or similar rewards as those doing the same or similar job, under the same circumstances.
What may an employee do when perceived as being treated unfairly?
Reduce work effort
Change outcome
Change perception
Leave the job
According to Bandura in his Self-efficacy theory believe that “People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives” . What can be said for people with high levels of self-efficacy?
They believe that: they have the necessary abilities are resourceful enough they can overcome any obstacle that may hinder their ability to achieve their goals
What are the 4 ways in which Self-efficacy can be improved?
Mastery experiences - certain amount of effort
Vicarious experiences - similar to individual
Social persuasion
Enhanced physical status
Who developed the Cognitive evaluation theory?
Edward Deci in 1975
What does the Cognitive Evaluations theory argue?
That it is not
the objective characteristics of an event
that determine its motivational value
but the psychological meaning
Can attribution be motivational?
Yes
Hertzberg motivated in his 2 Factor theory that all work-related factors can be grouped into one of 2 categories. Name them.
1) Hygiene / Maintenance factors
eg. Company policy
Administration
Quality of supervision
Interpersonal relationships
Working conditions
Salary
Status
2) Motivators
eg. Challenging job
Personal growth opportunities
Recognition
Feelings of achievement
The QWL approach - Quality of Work Life is also known as?
Theory Z.
It was founded with Japanese historical and cultural experiences
Name 12 factors that affect QWL?
1) fair COMPENSATION
2) CHALLENGING work
3) opportunities for personal GROWTH
4) physical WORK ENVIRONMENT
5) overall employee WELFARE
6) CULTURE OF fair treatment, personal identity
7) DEMOCRATIC work environment
8) absence of unnecessary STRESS FACTORS
9) MOBILITY upwards
10) healthy social RELATIONSHIPS
11) JOB SECURITY
12) not infringe on FAMILY NEEDS
