Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 1

What does performance refer to?

Answer 1

Translation of potential into behaviour.

Question 2

What is Classic Conditioning in the learning process?

Answer 2

Associated with Ivan Pavlov.
He illustrated (dogs) the importance of association of stimuli and a resulting response - in the learning process. It can be used to explain emotional behaviour.

Question 3

With whom is Operant Conditioning associated in learning?

Answer 3

BF Skinner

Question 4

What is operant conditioning also known as?

Answer 4

Instrumental conditioning

Question 5

What does Instrumental / Operant learning entail?

Answer 5

It implies the acquisition of a reaction to obtain a meaningful result. A reward reinforces a desired behaviour.

Question 6

What is reinforcement in learning?

Answer 6

A form of reward or punishment which is of Cardinal importance in Operant / Instrumental learning.

Question 7

What is Discrimination Learning?

Answer 7

It is a form of operant learning that involves learning to discriminate between settings in which a particular behaviour will or will not be reinforced.

Question 8

Who primarily formulated the role of reinforcement?

Answer 8

EL Thorndike in hie “Law of Effect”

Question 9

What does EL Thorndike’s Law of Effect propose?

Answer 9

That behavioural reactions are acquired when the consequences are agreeable
but
not learned when the consequences are not agreeable.

Question 10

What is the Schedule of Reinforcement”?

Answer 10

The relationship between an operant response and the probability of reinforcement

Question 11

In reinforcement schedules, fixed ration schedules give rise to?

Answer 11

Relatively high performance

The sooner the task is completed the sooner the reward

Question 12

In reinforcement schedules what is the result of fixed-interval schedules?

Answer 12

Measure of resistance to extinction

Performance taper off directly after reinforcement

Question 13

In the reinforcement schedules what does the Variable-ratio schedule entail?

Answer 13

Rise to high, consistent performance over long periods

Worker uncertain when reward will be given

Question 14

What does the Variable-interval schedule of reinforcement result into?

Answer 14

Relatively high uniform performance with high resistance to extinction.

Question 15

Why is the effectiveness of punishment in learning questioned?

Answer 15

It may cause emotional reaction that could harm the learning process.

Question 16

With regards to reinforcement, what is suggested to be a better alternative to punishment?

Answer 16

Withholding reward

Question 17

On who’s theory is the Cognitive Learning approach based?

Answer 17

EC Tolman

Question 18

What are Cognitive theories in learning concerned with?

Answer 18

With how and why people decide to do things
and
psychologists attempts to describe the mental process through which learning and behaviour are connected.

Question 19

How is the cognitive thinking of Consumers described?

Answer 19

Consumers are info seekers who use
logic and perceptual relations amongst events
along with their own preconceptions
to form
a sophisticated representation of the world

Question 20

the Cognitive approach describe learning as:

Answer 20

The acquisition of new knowledge 
about the world
and an ability 
to perceive objects in the environment
as means towards gaining desired goals.

Question 21

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 21

People learn what is in their environment and gradually develop a picture of it.

Question 22

What does a cognitive map represent?

Answer 22

Past relationships between
stimuli
behaviour
and goal accomplishments.

Question 23

The cognitive approach relates closely to?

Answer 23

Contemporary theories of Motivation

such as the Expectancy Theory of VH Vroom

Question 24

What does the Expectancy Theory of Vroom imply?

Answer 24

That people are able
to store the relationship
between past behaviour and its consequences
in combination with current information
to make inferences about the consequences
of future behaviour

Question 25

On whose work is Social learning primarily based on?

Answer 25

Albert Bandura and his associates

Question 26

Banduras’s social learning theory can be considered a bridge between?

Answer 26

Behaviourist learning theories
and
Cognitive learning theories

Question 27

Social learning can also be described as:

Answer 27

Observational learning
Vicarious learning
Modeling

Question 28

In social learning it is believed that learning can occur without?

Answer 28

A change in behaviour

Question 29

Social learning has been extensively applied to understand?

Answer 29

Aggression and psychological disorders

Question 30

What did Bandura believe was the most prominent source of behaviour modeling?

Answer 30

Aggression reinforced by family members

Question 31

In social learning what 3 factors influence the individual and his behaviour?

Answer 31

The person, environment and behaviour

Question 32

In social learning Bandura implies ultimately that the outcome implies that?

Answer 32

Individuals are
both products and producers
of their own environment
and of their social system

Question 33

What does the social learning theory explain?

Answer 33

It explains human behaviour 
in terms of
continuous reciprocal interaction
between 
cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences

Question 34

Bandura, in Social Learning, mentions 4 processes underlying observational learning that are necessary before someone can successfully model the behaviour of someone else. What are they?

Answer 34

Attentional processes
Retentional processes
Behavioural-reproduction processes
Motivational processes

Question 35

What is the initial phase of retention in Observational learning?

Answer 35

The coding of info into
cognitive symbols
that can be stored, retained and retrieved

Question 36

What does the Motivational process of Observational learning entail?

Answer 36

Learners have to have some Motivation to learn from the model
Learning depends optimally on feedback from the environment

Question 37

What does learning refer to?

Answer 37

The potential change in behaviour.

Question 38

What are the 5 important learning principles to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and orientation during training?

Answer 38

1) trainee READINESS
2) PRACTICE and recitation
3) DISTRIBUTION of practice
4) knowledge of RESULTS (feedback)
5) WHOLE vs part learning

Question 39

In learning, what is bilateral transfer?

Answer 39

Transferring skills from one side of the body to another. (Eg tracing a star shape by only looking at movement through mirror)

Question 40

Name 3 training techniques used.

Answer 40

1) non-experiential techniques - lectures
2) experiential techniques - learning by experience
3) action learning - (experiential learning) simulation, case studies

Question 41

What does EXPERIENTIAL learning refer to?

Answer 41

The knowledge, skills and/ abilities attained through certain training techniques
that provide depth and meaning
to learning by engaging mind and / body
through activity, reflection and application

Question 42

Kolb suggests that learning is a cyclical process consisting of 4 phases. What are they?

Answer 42

Phase 1
CONCRETE EXPERIENCE

Phase 2
REFLECTIVE OBSERVATION

Phase 3
ABSTRACT CONCEPTUALISATION

Phase 4
ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION

Question 43

Name 10 of the experiential techniques that are often used in organisations.

Answer 43

Simulation
Case studies
Role playing
Business games
The in-basket technique
Sensitivity training
Apprenticeships, internships and workshops
Field study and shadowing
Scaffolding
Mentoring and coaching