Chapter 5 - Learning Flashcards
What does performance refer to?
Translation of potential into behaviour.
What is Classic Conditioning in the learning process?
Associated with Ivan Pavlov. He illustrated (dogs) the importance of association of stimuli and a resulting response - in the learning process. It can be used to explain emotional behaviour.
With whom is Operant Conditioning associated in learning?
BF Skinner
What is operant conditioning also known as?
Instrumental conditioning
What does Instrumental / Operant learning entail?
It implies the acquisition of a reaction to obtain a meaningful result. A reward reinforces a desired behaviour.
What is reinforcement in learning?
A form of reward or punishment which is of Cardinal importance in Operant / Instrumental learning.
What is Discrimination Learning?
It is a form of operant learning that involves learning to discriminate between settings in which a particular behaviour will or will not be reinforced.
Who primarily formulated the role of reinforcement?
EL Thorndike in hie “Law of Effect”
What does EL Thorndike’s Law of Effect propose?
That behavioural reactions are acquired when the consequences are agreeable
but
not learned when the consequences are not agreeable.
What is the Schedule of Reinforcement”?
The relationship between an operant response and the probability of reinforcement
In reinforcement schedules, fixed ration schedules give rise to?
Relatively high performance
The sooner the task is completed the sooner the reward
In reinforcement schedules what is the result of fixed-interval schedules?
Measure of resistance to extinction
Performance taper off directly after reinforcement
In the reinforcement schedules what does the Variable-ratio schedule entail?
Rise to high, consistent performance over long periods
Worker uncertain when reward will be given
What does the Variable-interval schedule of reinforcement result into?
Relatively high uniform performance with high resistance to extinction.
Why is the effectiveness of punishment in learning questioned?
It may cause emotional reaction that could harm the learning process.
With regards to reinforcement, what is suggested to be a better alternative to punishment?
Withholding reward
On who’s theory is the Cognitive Learning approach based?
EC Tolman
What are Cognitive theories in learning concerned with?
With how and why people decide to do things
and
psychologists attempts to describe the mental process through which learning and behaviour are connected.
How is the cognitive thinking of Consumers described?
Consumers are info seekers who use
logic and perceptual relations amongst events
along with their own preconceptions
to form
a sophisticated representation of the world
the Cognitive approach describe learning as:
The acquisition of new knowledge about the world and an ability to perceive objects in the environment as means towards gaining desired goals.
What is a cognitive map?
People learn what is in their environment and gradually develop a picture of it.
What does a cognitive map represent?
Past relationships between
stimuli
behaviour
and goal accomplishments.
The cognitive approach relates closely to?
Contemporary theories of Motivation
such as the Expectancy Theory of VH Vroom
What does the Expectancy Theory of Vroom imply?
That people are able
to store the relationship
between past behaviour and its consequences
in combination with current information
to make inferences about the consequences
of future behaviour
On whose work is Social learning primarily based on?
Albert Bandura and his associates
Banduras’s social learning theory can be considered a bridge between?
Behaviourist learning theories
and
Cognitive learning theories
Social learning can also be described as:
Observational learning
Vicarious learning
Modeling
In social learning it is believed that learning can occur without?
A change in behaviour
Social learning has been extensively applied to understand?
Aggression and psychological disorders
What did Bandura believe was the most prominent source of behaviour modeling?
Aggression reinforced by family members
In social learning what 3 factors influence the individual and his behaviour?
The person, environment and behaviour
In social learning Bandura implies ultimately that the outcome implies that?
Individuals are
both products and producers
of their own environment
and of their social system
What does the social learning theory explain?
It explains human behaviour in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences
Bandura, in Social Learning, mentions 4 processes underlying observational learning that are necessary before someone can successfully model the behaviour of someone else. What are they?
Attentional processes
Retentional processes
Behavioural-reproduction processes
Motivational processes
What is the initial phase of retention in Observational learning?
The coding of info into
cognitive symbols
that can be stored, retained and retrieved
What does the Motivational process of Observational learning entail?
Learners have to have some Motivation to learn from the model
Learning depends optimally on feedback from the environment
What does learning refer to?
The potential change in behaviour.
What are the 5 important learning principles to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and orientation during training?
1) trainee READINESS
2) PRACTICE and recitation
3) DISTRIBUTION of practice
4) knowledge of RESULTS (feedback)
5) WHOLE vs part learning
In learning, what is bilateral transfer?
Transferring skills from one side of the body to another. (Eg tracing a star shape by only looking at movement through mirror)
Name 3 training techniques used.
1) non-experiential techniques - lectures
2) experiential techniques - learning by experience
3) action learning - (experiential learning) simulation, case studies
What does EXPERIENTIAL learning refer to?
The knowledge, skills and/ abilities attained through certain training techniques
that provide depth and meaning
to learning by engaging mind and / body
through activity, reflection and application
Kolb suggests that learning is a cyclical process consisting of 4 phases. What are they?
Phase 1
CONCRETE EXPERIENCE
Phase 2
REFLECTIVE OBSERVATION
Phase 3
ABSTRACT CONCEPTUALISATION
Phase 4
ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION
Name 10 of the experiential techniques that are often used in organisations.
Simulation Case studies Role playing Business games The in-basket technique Sensitivity training Apprenticeships, internships and workshops Field study and shadowing Scaffolding Mentoring and coaching
