Chapter 4 - Human Development Accross The Lifespan Flashcards
What is emphisised in the Stage Model?
Development in the same functions
particularly during specific life stages
What is emphasised in the Differentation Model?
Change from initial simple, holistic and diffuse behaviour patterns to
more complex, integrated and organised behaviour patterns (eg in language)
What does the Funnel and Canalisation Developmental Model propose?
Behaviour change from showing very broad patterns during infancy to more fixed and socially accepted patterns during the adult years.
What is assumed according to the Humanistic Models?
From an early age people are active in and in control of directing their own development
And are not controlled by unconscious urges and age or phase restrictions
What does lifespan development involve?
Both growth and decline
Human capacities change
Human development is influenced by historical events
What does Maturation refer to?
Changes owing to genetic factors
What does aging refer to?
Chronological increase in years
What does growth refer to?
Increase in physical size
Improvement in mental and psychosocial competencies
Readiness implies?
Sufficient development to benefit from learning
In human development what is the early-life stage?
From birth - 22 years
What is the young-adult stage in human development?
From 22 - 45 years
What is the middle-adulthood stage in human developments?
Age 45 - 60
What is the late-adulthood stage?
Age 60 to death
The impact of negative youthful experiences is evident from research on many personality disorders such as sociopaths. What does research show in connection with attempts to eradicate antisocial behaviour?
Under stress these trends still surface because the roots of such behaviour in early childhood cannot be entirely removed.
What does a critical period refer to in human development?
A certain or sensitive point in time
when learning
will or can have positive or negative effects
which may influence or shape future development
To what does a “sensitive period” refer to in human development?
Periods of greater susceptibility to possible influences
Not necessarily decisive
What is “optimal periods” in human development?
Experiences when maturation and learning are responsible for successful development
Or point when person is sufficiently mature to benefit from certain experiences
What are the 2 influences / determinants of human development?
- Hereditary and evolutionary determinations (nature)
- Interaction between person and environment (nurture)
Give examples of behaviour patterns in humans.
Language acquisition Mating Affiliation and nurturing Dominance Aggression Territoriality
Environmental influences will influence how:
Genetic potential is realised
Genetic attributes have a definite impact on?
The maturation and manifestation of certain behaviours and
how people behave and cope in their environments
To what does Psychosocial determinants refer?
To all psychological, social and cultural factors that influence human learning and behaviour throughout life.
All domains of human development are heavily influenced by?
Social and cultural experiences
Culture and ethnicity are prominent influences because?
They provide social setting
living conditions
status and personal experiences
Culture and ethnicity are linked to biological forces through :
Family lineage
They shape people’s world views, core beliefs, attitudes, values, false perceptions and prejudice about life and others
What is emphisised in the Growth Model in human development?
Genetically programmed Continuous changes and increase in: -motor -sensory -intellectual powers
What are the 4 levels of systemic environmental influences in human development?
Micro system: living environment (those persons with whom most intimate and frequent contact occurs)
Meso system:
interaction between elements of micro system
(School, church, neighbours)
Exo system:
aspects outside immediate contact
(Family member’s workplace, healthcare facilities)
Macro system:
Fluid type of influence
(Societal values, political system)
Baltes indentified normative AGE-graded influences on human development. Explain.
These are the usual biological and social changes taking place at certain ages
Eg. Going to school,
Puberty
Marrying
Baltes indentified normative HISTORY graded influences on human development. Explain.
It concerns historical events and traumas
Such as war, natural disasters
Baltes identified NON-normative influences on human development. Explain.
Events that happen to certain people only / to people in different ways
eg. First love, divorce, moving house
Human development involves changes in 3 broad interdependent domains of human functioning. What are they?
Physical / biological
Cognitive
Psychosocial
What does the physical or biological domain entail in human development?
Sensory capacities
Motor responses
Functioning of respiratory, endocrine and circulation systems
What does cognitive development refer to in human development?
The progressive development of
thought processes
mental abilities
Capacities to obtain, process, interpret, retrieve and use info
When does a person’s intelligence peak?
Somewhere between 20 and 30
What are mental schemes?
These are mental actions which are reversible ways of understanding reality at various ages and which can change in quantity and quality.
What are the characteristics of the SENSORY stage - birth to 2 years ?
Egocentric thinking Develops coordination Develops sensory-motor perception Distinguish between self and environment Little ability to understand symbols
Piaget’s PRE-OPERATIONAL stage - between 2 - 7 years show which characteristics?
Learns through action Able to remember more and anticipate Internalises world through language and visual images Concept of mass Constancy of objects Start of symbolic thinking Still problems with relationships Still egocentric thinking
Piaget’s stages of cognitive thinking identify the CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7 - 11 years) stage. What are the characteristics?
Progress in concrete thinking Handle problems more logically Achieves insight into other's views Develops concept of number, relationships Progress in understanding language Progress towards adult way of thinking
Piaget’s FORMAL OPERATIONAL stage (11 years and onward) has which characteristics?
Abstract and concrete thoughts Imagines things Use metaphors Use logical thinking Systematic approach to problem solving Use meta cognition or thinking about own mental process
The correlation between which 2 traits is predictable?
Physical
Mental
What can retard human development?
Limiting physical and emotional factors
Due to shortcomings in Piaget’s theory and findings, Schaie asserted different stages in the DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT THINKING. What 5 stages did he propose?
1) ACQUISITION stage
Childhood and adolescence.
2) ACHIEVING stage
Young adulthood
Problem solving and decision making develop
3) RESPONSIBILITY stage
Growing into independent thinker
4) EXECUTIVE stage
Middle adulthood
Through increased knowledge able to serve
responsibility
5) REINTERGRATION stage
Old age
Assess life and give meaning to what has passed
In terms of cognitive competencies, what does Kegan assert is the focus of every stage throughout the lifespan?
Giving meaning to things and experiences
What aspect of cognitive development do both Piaget and Kohlberg’s theories emphasise?
Moral development - Perception of right and wrong
How do people deal with moral issues?
Through emotional approaches such as guilt feelings and empathy
How does morality develop?
In stages
According to Kohlberg postconventional morality may involve principles beyond dominant morals of time. Explain?
A person may not agree to the death penalty but will argue for it in special circumstances
Morality shows cultural differences and will be influenced by?
Individual cognitive learning Internal reflection Feelings Experiences Efforts to adapt to situations
Morality in the work place is emphasised by?
The emphasis placed on ethics in work and in business practices
According to the evolutionary theory human are?
Social beings at and from birth
Changes in important and close relationships can be disruptive in younger children. What could this cause?
Separation anxiety
What does attachment refer to?
A person’s desire to be close to an attachment figure to feel secure in their presence.
Name 3 INSECURE types of ATTACHMENT
1) Ambivalent- mixed feelings of acceptance
2) Avoidant - fear and rejection of close relationships
3) Disorganised / Disoriented - person is confused and contradictory
The development of self-esteem in all people but especially the young, is likely to be hampered in less developed countries. Why?
These are plagued by high unemployment, labour unrest ethnic and racial disputes high rate of crime divorce rape child abuse
Freud differentiated between 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES of personal development. What are they?
1) Oral stage (1 year)
2) Anal stage (1 - 3 years)
3) Phallic (erect penis) stage (4 - 5 years)
4) Latent stage (5 - 12 years)
5) Genital stage (12 years and beyond)
According to Freud, what is Fixation?
It occurs when some libido or sexual energy get stuck in one of the stages (either excessively gratified or frustrated) and do not develop adequately beyond this stage.
What could Fixation cause?
In certain experiences being threatening and provoking anxiety. These may stay unresolved. This could cause a constant seeking of satisfaction for unresolved conflicts by using inappropriate, immature behaviours from previous stages. This is also called regression.
Anxiety based disorders are also known as?
Neuroses
Where do Freud believe anxiety disorders originate from?
Early childhood when the ego is not matured enough to resist stress.
What important consequences for general adults result from the first 6 years of psychosexual development?
The development of: independence self-control healthy sexual identity moral conscience healthy heterosexual relationships ability to love unselfishly
According to the Freudian theory, what problematic behaviours could originate from the Oral Stage of sucking and biting?
Jealousy Passiveness Impatience Narcissism Verbal aggressiveness Manipulative behaviours
According to the Freudian theory what problematic behaviour could stem from the Anal Stage?
Rebelliousness
Untidiness from the expulsion of faeces
According to the Freudian theory what possible causes could fixations of the Phallic Stage have on men?
Competitive
Ambitious exhibitionists
Always trying to be superior
Always prove masculinity
Erikson regarded human development as a process of 8 stages. What are they?
1) Trust vs mistrust
2) Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3) Initiative vs guilt
4) Industry vs inferiority
5) Identity vs role diffusion
6) Intimacy vs isolation
7) Generativity vs stagnation
8) Ego-integrity vs despair / disgust
During the Trust vs Mistrust stage, what virtue is at play and which age?
Hope - 1st year of life (oral, sensory)
During the Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage what virtue is at play and which age?
Will - 2 to 3 years (muscular)
During the Initiative vs guilt stage what virtue is at play and what age?
Purpose - 4 to 5 years (locomotor, genital)
During the Industry vs inferiority stage, what virtue is at play and what age?
Competence age 6 - 11
During the Identity vs Role diffusion what virtue is at play and what age?
Fidelity age 12 - 18
During the Intimacy vs isolation stage what virtue is at play and what age?
Love - late adolescence to early adulthood
During the Generativity vs stagnation stage what virtue is at play and what age?
Care - adulthood
During the Ego-integrity vs despair / disgust stage what virtue is at play and what age?
Wisdom - aging , maturity
