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Psychology > Chapter 4 - Human Development Accross The Lifespan > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Human Development Accross The Lifespan Flashcards

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1
Q

What is emphisised in the Stage Model?

A

Development in the same functions

particularly during specific life stages

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2
Q

What is emphasised in the Differentation Model?

A

Change from initial simple, holistic and diffuse behaviour patterns to
more complex, integrated and organised behaviour patterns (eg in language)

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3
Q

What does the Funnel and Canalisation Developmental Model propose?

A

Behaviour change from showing very broad patterns during infancy to more fixed and socially accepted patterns during the adult years.

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4
Q

What is assumed according to the Humanistic Models?

A

From an early age people are active in and in control of directing their own development
And are not controlled by unconscious urges and age or phase restrictions

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5
Q

What does lifespan development involve?

A

Both growth and decline
Human capacities change
Human development is influenced by historical events

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6
Q

What does Maturation refer to?

A

Changes owing to genetic factors

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7
Q

What does aging refer to?

A

Chronological increase in years

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8
Q

What does growth refer to?

A

Increase in physical size

Improvement in mental and psychosocial competencies

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9
Q

Readiness implies?

A

Sufficient development to benefit from learning

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10
Q

In human development what is the early-life stage?

A

From birth - 22 years

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11
Q

What is the young-adult stage in human development?

A

From 22 - 45 years

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12
Q

What is the middle-adulthood stage in human developments?

A

Age 45 - 60

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13
Q

What is the late-adulthood stage?

A

Age 60 to death

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14
Q

The impact of negative youthful experiences is evident from research on many personality disorders such as sociopaths. What does research show in connection with attempts to eradicate antisocial behaviour?

A

Under stress these trends still surface because the roots of such behaviour in early childhood cannot be entirely removed.

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15
Q

What does a critical period refer to in human development?

A

A certain or sensitive point in time
when learning
will or can have positive or negative effects
which may influence or shape future development

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16
Q

To what does a “sensitive period” refer to in human development?

A

Periods of greater susceptibility to possible influences

Not necessarily decisive

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17
Q

What is “optimal periods” in human development?

A

Experiences when maturation and learning are responsible for successful development

Or point when person is sufficiently mature to benefit from certain experiences

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18
Q

What are the 2 influences / determinants of human development?

A
  • Hereditary and evolutionary determinations (nature)

- Interaction between person and environment (nurture)

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19
Q

Give examples of behaviour patterns in humans.

A 
Language acquisition 
Mating
Affiliation and nurturing
Dominance
Aggression
Territoriality
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20
Q

Environmental influences will influence how:

A

Genetic potential is realised

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21
Q

Genetic attributes have a definite impact on?

A

The maturation and manifestation of certain behaviours and

how people behave and cope in their environments

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22
Q

To what does Psychosocial determinants refer?

A

To all psychological, social and cultural factors that influence human learning and behaviour throughout life.

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23
Q

All domains of human development are heavily influenced by?

A

Social and cultural experiences

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24
Q

Culture and ethnicity are prominent influences because?

A

They provide social setting
living conditions
status and personal experiences

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25
Q

Culture and ethnicity are linked to biological forces through :

A

Family lineage

They shape people’s world views, core beliefs, attitudes, values, false perceptions and prejudice about life and others

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26
Q

What is emphisised in the Growth Model in human development?

A 
Genetically programmed
Continuous changes and increase in:
-motor
-sensory
-intellectual powers
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27
Q

What are the 4 levels of systemic environmental influences in human development?

A 
Micro system:
living environment (those persons with whom most intimate and frequent contact occurs)

Meso system:
interaction between elements of micro system
(School, church, neighbours)

Exo system:
aspects outside immediate contact
(Family member’s workplace, healthcare facilities)

Macro system:
Fluid type of influence
(Societal values, political system)

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28
Q

Baltes indentified normative AGE-graded influences on human development. Explain.

A

These are the usual biological and social changes taking place at certain ages
Eg. Going to school,
Puberty
Marrying

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29
Q

Baltes indentified normative HISTORY graded influences on human development. Explain.

A

It concerns historical events and traumas

Such as war, natural disasters

30
Q

Baltes identified NON-normative influences on human development. Explain.

A

Events that happen to certain people only / to people in different ways
eg. First love, divorce, moving house

31
Q

Human development involves changes in 3 broad interdependent domains of human functioning. What are they?

A

Physical / biological
Cognitive
Psychosocial

32
Q

What does the physical or biological domain entail in human development?

A

Sensory capacities
Motor responses
Functioning of respiratory, endocrine and circulation systems

33
Q

What does cognitive development refer to in human development?

A

The progressive development of
thought processes
mental abilities
Capacities to obtain, process, interpret, retrieve and use info

34
Q

When does a person’s intelligence peak?

A

Somewhere between 20 and 30

35
Q

What are mental schemes?

A

These are mental actions which are reversible ways of understanding reality at various ages and which can change in quantity and quality.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the SENSORY stage - birth to 2 years ?

A 
Egocentric thinking
Develops coordination
Develops sensory-motor perception
Distinguish between self and environment
Little ability to understand symbols
37
Q

Piaget’s PRE-OPERATIONAL stage - between 2 - 7 years show which characteristics?

A 
Learns through action
Able to remember more and anticipate
Internalises world through language and visual images
Concept of mass
Constancy of objects
Start of symbolic thinking
Still problems with relationships
Still egocentric thinking
38
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive thinking identify the CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7 - 11 years) stage. What are the characteristics?

A 
Progress in concrete thinking
Handle problems more logically
Achieves insight into other's views
Develops concept of number, relationships
Progress in understanding language 
Progress towards adult way of thinking
39
Q

Piaget’s FORMAL OPERATIONAL stage (11 years and onward) has which characteristics?

A 
Abstract and concrete thoughts
Imagines things
Use metaphors
Use logical thinking
Systematic approach to problem solving
Use meta cognition or thinking about own mental process
40
Q

The correlation between which 2 traits is predictable?

A

Physical

Mental

41
Q

What can retard human development?

A

Limiting physical and emotional factors

42
Q

Due to shortcomings in Piaget’s theory and findings, Schaie asserted different stages in the DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT THINKING. What 5 stages did he propose?

A

1) ACQUISITION stage
Childhood and adolescence.

2) ACHIEVING stage
Young adulthood
Problem solving and decision making develop

3) RESPONSIBILITY stage
Growing into independent thinker

4) EXECUTIVE stage
Middle adulthood
Through increased knowledge able to serve
responsibility

5) REINTERGRATION stage
Old age
Assess life and give meaning to what has passed

43
Q

In terms of cognitive competencies, what does Kegan assert is the focus of every stage throughout the lifespan?

A

Giving meaning to things and experiences

44
Q

What aspect of cognitive development do both Piaget and Kohlberg’s theories emphasise?

A

Moral development - Perception of right and wrong

45
Q

How do people deal with moral issues?

A

Through emotional approaches such as guilt feelings and empathy

46
Q

How does morality develop?

A

In stages

47
Q

According to Kohlberg postconventional morality may involve principles beyond dominant morals of time. Explain?

A

A person may not agree to the death penalty but will argue for it in special circumstances

48
Q

Morality shows cultural differences and will be influenced by?

A 
Individual cognitive learning
Internal reflection
Feelings
Experiences
Efforts to adapt to situations
49
Q

Morality in the work place is emphasised by?

A

The emphasis placed on ethics in work and in business practices

50
Q

According to the evolutionary theory human are?

A

Social beings at and from birth

51
Q

Changes in important and close relationships can be disruptive in younger children. What could this cause?

A

Separation anxiety

52
Q

What does attachment refer to?

A

A person’s desire to be close to an attachment figure to feel secure in their presence.

53
Q

Name 3 INSECURE types of ATTACHMENT

A

1) Ambivalent- mixed feelings of acceptance
2) Avoidant - fear and rejection of close relationships
3) Disorganised / Disoriented - person is confused and contradictory

54
Q

The development of self-esteem in all people but especially the young, is likely to be hampered in less developed countries. Why?

A 
These are plagued by 
high unemployment, 
labour unrest
ethnic and racial disputes 
high rate of crime
divorce
rape
child abuse
55
Q

Freud differentiated between 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES of personal development. What are they?

A

1) Oral stage (1 year)
2) Anal stage (1 - 3 years)
3) Phallic (erect penis) stage (4 - 5 years)
4) Latent stage (5 - 12 years)
5) Genital stage (12 years and beyond)

56
Q

According to Freud, what is Fixation?

A

It occurs when some libido or sexual energy get stuck in one of the stages (either excessively gratified or frustrated) and do not develop adequately beyond this stage.

57
Q

What could Fixation cause?

A

In certain experiences being threatening and provoking anxiety. These may stay unresolved. This could cause a constant seeking of satisfaction for unresolved conflicts by using inappropriate, immature behaviours from previous stages. This is also called regression.

58
Q

Anxiety based disorders are also known as?

A

Neuroses

59
Q

Where do Freud believe anxiety disorders originate from?

A

Early childhood when the ego is not matured enough to resist stress.

60
Q

What important consequences for general adults result from the first 6 years of psychosexual development?

A 
The development of:
independence
self-control
healthy sexual identity
moral conscience 
healthy heterosexual relationships 
ability to love unselfishly
61
Q

According to the Freudian theory, what problematic behaviours could originate from the Oral Stage of sucking and biting?

A 
Jealousy 
Passiveness
Impatience
Narcissism
Verbal aggressiveness 
Manipulative behaviours
62
Q

According to the Freudian theory what problematic behaviour could stem from the Anal Stage?

A

Rebelliousness

Untidiness from the expulsion of faeces

63
Q

According to the Freudian theory what possible causes could fixations of the Phallic Stage have on men?

A

Competitive
Ambitious exhibitionists
Always trying to be superior
Always prove masculinity

64
Q

Erikson regarded human development as a process of 8 stages. What are they?

A

1) Trust vs mistrust
2) Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3) Initiative vs guilt
4) Industry vs inferiority
5) Identity vs role diffusion
6) Intimacy vs isolation
7) Generativity vs stagnation
8) Ego-integrity vs despair / disgust

65
Q

During the Trust vs Mistrust stage, what virtue is at play and which age?

A

Hope - 1st year of life (oral, sensory)

66
Q

During the Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage what virtue is at play and which age?

A

Will - 2 to 3 years (muscular)

67
Q

During the Initiative vs guilt stage what virtue is at play and what age?

A

Purpose - 4 to 5 years (locomotor, genital)

68
Q

During the Industry vs inferiority stage, what virtue is at play and what age?

A

Competence age 6 - 11

69
Q

During the Identity vs Role diffusion what virtue is at play and what age?

A

Fidelity age 12 - 18

70
Q

During the Intimacy vs isolation stage what virtue is at play and what age?

A

Love - late adolescence to early adulthood

71
Q

During the Generativity vs stagnation stage what virtue is at play and what age?

A

Care - adulthood

72
Q

During the Ego-integrity vs despair / disgust stage what virtue is at play and what age?

A

Wisdom - aging , maturity

Psychology (7 decks)

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