Chapter 2 - Exploring The Methatheory Flashcards
Name 7 areas covered by IO Psychology.
- assessing abilities to meet job requirements
- improving effectiveness of work teams
- determining attitudes of people towards work
- designing the structure of an organisation
- affecting culture change
- well being of employees
- assisting with merger of 2 companies
What are the 4 worlds of IO Psycology?
World 1 - Personal World (my life)
World 2 - World of Metatheory (a view over)
World 3 - World of Science
World 4 - World of Practice
The definition of IO Psychology frequently include the following 5 elements:
1) scientific study
2) application of psychological knowledge
3) human work
4) behaviour
5) work setting (industry, business, the organisation)
Name the 4 areas of scope for IOP
1) both a science and practice
2) strong relationship with Psychology
3) focus primarily on observable, human work behavior
4) address the formal sectors of work; industry, business and organisations
What 7 things do IOP exclude?
- non scientific knowledge
- work by other beings not human
- non observable behaviour
- children’s education
- severely psychological ill persons
- work outside the formal sector
- excluding unethical, illegal and / or criminal work
Name the 5 types of independency relationship between fields of study.
1) Framing relationship
2) Foundational relationship
3) Applications relationship
4) Complementary relationship
5) Enriching relationship
What is STRUCTURALISM?
Wundt, Titchener, Fechner
Normal, conscious experiences of humans :
sensations
attention
perceptions
thoughts
feelings
and how they combine and develop into mental processes
In STRUCTURALISM what is the primary method of studying the human psyche?
Introspection - people self-report their inner experiences
What is FUNCTIONALISM?
James, Galton
How the normal functions of the mind work
and evolve into behaviour
to adapt to their environment
What is the primary method of studying Functionalism?
The observation of
and measurement of
individual differences
currently emphasised in the assessment of human trait and types
Explain the dominant human psyche stance PSYCHOANALYSIS.
Freud, Horney, Rank, Jung
Studying the dynamic, instinctual forces of the
unconsciousness (especially sexual and aggressive instinct)
expressed in wishes
And the pathologies that emerge to make anti-social instincts socially acceptable.
What are the primary methods of studying the human psyche in classic Psychoanalysis?
Dream analysis
Free association (talking therapy)
so verbalising the associations certain stimuli (like words and images) evoke
What is analytical PSYCHANALYSIS?
Jung
A reaction to classic psychoanalysis
Studying the normal / abnormal forces
of the evolving, collective unconsciousness
with its inherited predispositions and symbols
the personal unconscious and conscious
as a person matures
In search of meaning
In analytical Psychoanalysis the journey towards intergration unite which 3 psychological opposites?
Introversion vs extraversion
Sensation vs intuition
Thinking vs feeling
What is the primary method of studying PSYCHOANALYSIS?
Dream analysis
Active imagination
Interpretation of symbols
Which assessment technique is based on Jung’s thinking in Psychoanalysis?
The Myers-Briggs technique
What is HUMANISM?
Maslow, Rogers, Frankl
How normal persons subjectively and positively experience
the world and others
in their quest to actualise potential in order to
live a life that is meaningful and satisfying
What other Human Psyche stance is associated with Humanism?
Positive psychology
What is positive psychology?
Studying the wellness, well-being and resilience of normal persons as they are going about their everyday lives in a positive way.
What is the primary method of studying the human psyche in Humanism?
Understanding the
positive inner personal, live experiences of individuals
In Humanism, what is the primary method of studying the human psyche of Positive Psychology?
Understanding the positive inner personal,
life experiences of individuals
What is the Gestalt (Configuration) stance?
Wertheimer, Kohler, Kaffka
It studies the normal consciousness of a person
as an interconnected dynamic whole
which configures (organises)
the diff elements of psychological experiences (the parts)
embedded into coherent patterns (the whole)
to provide meaningful understanding to the person
What is the primary method of studying Gestalt / Configuration?
Experimental studies to demonstrate how the whole of the psyche is more than the sum of its parts.
What is the stance Behaviourism about?
Watson, Skinner, Tolman
Studying overt, observable, normal behaviour
as the programmed response to stimuli out of the environment
and how these link through learning
are formed and re-inforced
can be changed
and be made predictable.
What is the primary method of studying Behaviourism?
Laboratory experiments to determine how to program stimulus-response links
What is the Dialogical / Ubuntu / Afrocentric human psyche stances about?
(Jordaan , Mbigi )
Studying how the normal person
imbedded in a community
becomes a whole person through and with other persons through
the internalisation of cultural and spiritual values.
What is the primary method of studying Dialogical / Ubuntu / Afrocentric stances of the human psyche?
Understand and interpret the interactions:
linguistic, symbolic, value-informed and physical
between people
What is Cognitivism about?
Bandura, Kelly, Read
Studying the normal mind
In its totality as a constructing and problem-solving mechanism
like a complex computer
in terms of the psychological and neurological processes
related to info input, storage, processing, organising and output
of the mind
What is the primary method of studying the human psyche Cognitivism?
Conduct controlled experiments to analyse and map neurological / brain activity.
What is the Biological-evolutionary stance on the human psyche about? (Galton, Buss, Crabbe)
The historical evolution of human’s psychological make-up and dynamics (eg genes, DNA, hormones)
with their associated psychological manifestations
such as sexual attraction, parenting, violence
as individuals evolve and adapt to their environment
In essence Psychology deals with?
- the working person
- the work setting
- how to establish and sustain the best fit between the working person and their work setting in order to bring about
Productive and Meaningful work
which delivers something of value
What is the primary method of studying the human psyche in the Biological-evolutionary stance?
Experimentally study changes in various forms
of psychological and physiological behaviour
amongst diff groups across time
Humans as being animal / biological beings - how does this translate to IOP?
Equal to all other life forms, evolve over time, no freedom of choice
The scientific framework of IOP deals with:
the nature, make-up, dynamics and evolution of reality in general
What critical question is asked in Ontology?
What is your theory of the NATURE OF REALITY and of our existence or being in the world?
What critical question is asked in Epistemology?
What is your theory of GAINING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT REALITY and what would be considered as true knowledge?
What critical question is asked in Anthropology?
What is your theory of the role and contributions of the knower in gaining true knowledge about reality?
ROLE OF THE KNOWER
What is Empiricism seen as a scientific school of thought through Ontological studies?
( Newton, Locke, Hume)
It includes Logical Positivism or Realism.
Like machine, independent gears that work together.
Reality works in terms of fixed rules
Through the Epistemology stance (scientific school of thought) , how is Empiricism seem?
Knowledge through senses
Acquired through observation and controlled experiments
True knowledge - quantitative description in empirical facts :
Mathematical equations
Laws
These allowing us to make predictions about reality
Through the Anthropological stance as part of the scientific school of thought, describe Empiricism?
Knower like digital camera
Recording truthfully sensory images
Decides what pics to take with what focus
and ways to organize photos
Describe IDEALISM (Kant, Hegel) through the Ontological Stance - scientific school of thought.
Reality is contained in our mind in form of innate ideas
We discover and logically evaluate and organise
Through the Epistemelogical stance, describe IDEALISM as part of the scientific school of thought.
Knowledge outcome of logical / regional thinking
Using ideas and thoughts
Entails what is desirable through general laws regulating reality
What is IDEALISM as seen through the Anthropological stance as part of the scientific school of thought?
Knower has all the knowledge
Form of inborn ideas
Discover and extract through logical reasoning
Through the Ontological stance, what is RATIONALISM as a scientific school of thought?
Reality - independent from ourselves
Experienced through senses
Mind used to analyse and understand
As part of the scientific school of thought, how is RATIONALISM seen in the Epistemelogical stance?
Knowledge from senses and mind / intuition.
Observation, experiments and logical reasoning.
Expressed quantitatively - general laws
Through the Anthropological stance, as part of the scientific school of thought, what is RATIONALISM?
Knower uses thinking
Construct and use digital camera
Photos analyses through thinking / ideas
Describe CYBERNETIC ( systems) through the Ontological stance as part of the scientific school of thought.
Reality consists of various systems like organisations
Take inputs from environment (raw material)
Convert to products / service (throughput)
Customers buy - next round of inputs
As part of the scientific school of thought, CYBERNETIC can be describes through the Epistemelogical stance as:
Knowledge though observation and controlled experiments
Quantitative description
Allow predictions about systems
CYBERNETIC (systems) as seen through the scientific school of thought like Anthropological stance?
Thinking used to construct / camera used to take pic
Apply thinking to analyse with ideas
What is SYMBOLIC INTERPRETIVE - scientific school of thought - Ontological stance?
Reality co-created through interaction
Language and conversations
Expressed in language and symbols
Scientific school of thought - SYMBOLIC INTERPRETIVE - Epistemelogical stance?
Social agreed upon interpretation of reality
Intense debate
Language and symbols
SYMBOLIC INTERPRETIVE, as scientific school of thought, as seen through Anthropological stance.
Part of interacting persons
Real life situations with others
Expresses in language and symbols
Debated and shared
CHAOS ( complexity) as part of the scientific school of thought, describe through ontological stance.
Reality - holistic set of reciprocally influencing
Go through unpredictable states of order and chaos
CHAOS / COMPLEXITY through Epistemelogical stance (scientific school of thought)
Knowledge through thinking about reality
Make sense of chaos we observe
Discover and conceptualise the patterns
CHOAS / COMPLEXITY through Anthropological stance - scientific school of thought.
Knower actively engage with reality
Make sense in form of relationships, rules and patterns
Act in accordance
RELATIVISTIC / postmodern, through Ontological stance as scientific school of thought.
Everyone has own understanding of reality
Carries equal weight
RELATIVISTIC/ POSTMODERN through Epistemelogical stance as scientific school of thought.
Everyone has own unique understanding of reality
Knowledge acquired through whatever means fit
Multiple truths exist
RELATIVISTIC / POSTMODERN through Anthropological stance as scientific school of thought.
Each knower is the sole and ultimate source
Each exclusive knower of his knowledge
No one can challenge this knowledge
Often those in power impose their understanding of reality on powerless
MYSTIC (Buddhism, Christianity) through ontological stance - scientific school of thought.
Reality is present in sacred text (bible)
Person acting on behalf of the divine being
MYSTIC as scientific school of thought through Epistemelogical stance.
True knowledge - beliefs based on faith
Knowledge through meditation, studying text, being taught by teachers of that faith
Beliefs prescribe what “should be”
MYSTIC through Anthropological stance as scientific school of thought.
Knower is a believer
Accepts things in faith
What are the 4 interdependent ideologies making up IOP’s ideological framework?
Political
Religious
Societal
Economic
What are the 4 possible value-adds of IOP?
Reinforcement - make existing better
Enhancement - improve what is
Criticism - change something to diff
Emancipation - introduce something completely new
What is MATERIALISM as ideological stance (incl hedonism, utilitarian, hard capitalism)
Central theme of greedy consumption
Self interest
What is HUMANISM as ideological stance?
human worthiness
Including democracy
Aimed at making u more valuable to yourself
What is ECOLOGICALISM as ideological stance?
Sustainability
To the common good of universe
What is SOCIALISM incl communism as ideological stance?
Prescribed common social good
Satisfaction of individual in accordance with what serves the overall good of society.
What is FASCISM / totalism as ideological stance?
absolute power
Total control of society by selected few
Exploitation of larger society
What is ANARCHISM as ideological stance?
Unconstrained freedom
Individual autonomy
What is NIHILISM as part of an ideological stance?
Central theme of nothingness
Life without sense
