Chapter 8: memory

Question 1

Misinformation effect paradigm

Answer 1

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

Question 2

arousal theory and flashbulb memory

Answer 2

o Arousal theory: stronger emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
o Flashbulb memory: an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Question 3

automatic processing (encoding)

Answer 3

the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

ex. memorizing how to drive places, recognizing words in native language, recognizing faces, recalling breakfast foods

Question 4

Effortful processing (encoding)

Answer 4

Requires work and attention to encode the information

Question 5

memory construction and reconstruction

Answer 5

• Construction: the formulation of new memories
• Reconstruction: the process of bringing up old memories
  o These memories are flexible
  o They can change when combined with new memories
• Suggestibility: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memoires

Question 6

Memory enhancing strategies

Answer 6

• Rehearsal: conscious repetition
• Chunking: organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
• Elaborative rehearsal: thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
• Mnemonic devices: memory devices that help us organize information for encoding (acernyms, etc.)

Question 7

Requires work and attention to encode the information

Answer 7

Effortful processing (encoding)

Question 8

the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

Answer 8

automatic processing (encoding)

Question 9

three stages of memory

Answer 9

encoding:
* Input of information into the memory system
storage:
* The creation of a permanent record of information
retrieval:
* the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Question 10

three stages of memory storage

Answer 10

• sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events
• short-term memory: temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
• long-term memory: continuous storage of information

Question 11

three types of encoding

Answer 11

semantic:
encoding of words and their meaning
visual:
encoding of images (things with mental images are easier to remember)
acoustic:
Encoding of sounds words make

Question 12

types of amnesia

Answer 12

• Anterograde amnesia: cannot remember new information, only old
• Retrograde amnesia: can only remember new info, not old

Question 13

types of long term memory

Answer 13

o Explicit memory: memories we consciously try to remember, recall, and report
o Episodic memory: information about events we have personally experienced
ex. my last birthday
o Implicit procedural memory: stores information about the way to do something
ex. brushing teeth, riding a bike, driving a car

Question 14

types of memory interference

Answer 14

• Proactive interference: when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
• Retroactive interference: when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Question 15

types of memory retrieval

Answer 15

• recall: accessing information without cues (like an essay test)
• recognition: identifying information previously learned after encountering it again (MCQ)
• relearning: learning information previously learned

Question 16

what is memory?

Answer 16

Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time