Chapter 4: States of consciousness (Sleep) Flashcards by Brooke Lewis

What does consciousness describe?

Awareness of internal and external stimuli

Internal stimuli include pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and awareness of thoughts and emotions.
External stimuli include light, warmth, and sounds.

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What is sleep characterized by?

Relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

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What is wakefulness characterized by?

High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

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What are biological rhythms?

Internal rhythms of biological activity

Examples include a woman’s menstrual cycle and daily temperature fluctuations.

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What is a circadian rhythm?

A biological rhythm that takes place over a period of 24 hours

ex. sleep-wake cycle, body temperature fluxuations

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What is homeostasis?

Tendency to maintain a balance or optimal level within a biological system

Hypothalamus = main center of homeostasis

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What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

It is the brain’s clock system located in the hypothalamus, syncing the internal clock to the amount of light present

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What is the role of melatonin?

And what releases melatonin?

An important regulator of sleep-wake cycles

The pineal gland releases melatonin and helps regulate biological rhythms and the immune system during sleep

Melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

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What is a chronotype?

(Circadian rhythms)

Individual differences in circadian patterns of activity

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What are sleep debt and sleep rebound?

Sleep debt: a person failing to get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis

sleep rebound: the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep

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What areas help regulate sleep-wake cycles?

which areas regulate which types of sleep?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons

Hypothalamus SCN and thalamus regulate slow-wave sleep
pons regulates REM sleep

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What are the physical functions of sleep?

Removing metabolic waste products
Repairing body tissue
Conserving or replenishing energy
Stregnthening immune system
Recovering abilities lost during the day

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What are the recommended hours of sleep for adults aged 18-25?

7-9 hours

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What are the characteristics of beta waves?

bata waves have the highest frequency (13-30 Hz), lowest amplitude, and dominate when we are awake

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What are frequency and amplitude?

Frequency: how many brain waves occur in a second and is measure in Hertz
Amplitude: the height of the brain wave

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What are the two general phases of sleep?

Rapid eye movement (REM):
Darting movement of the eyes under closed eyelids

Brain waves are like those during wakefulness

Non-REM (NREM):
Subdivided into three stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves

What happens to brain waves when we are falling asleep and entering NREM?

Brain wave patterns decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude

What characterizes stage 1 sleep?

Transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep with alpha and theta waves

Early stage 1 produces alpha waves
late stage 1 produces theta waves
* lower frequency and higher amp

What characterizes stage 2 sleep?

The body going into a deep state of relaxation

Sleep spindles and k-complex

What are sleep spindles and the k-complex?

sleep spindles: Rapid bursts of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
K-complex: a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

Stage 2 sleep

What defines stage 3 sleep?

Characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
Delta waves: lowest frequency and highest amp

Known as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep

What are the different brainwaves during sleep?

Awake:
Beta
Stage 1:
Alpha and theta
Stage 3:
Delta waves

What processes define REM sleep?

(Characteristics)

Dreaming and paralysis of muscle systems
Brain waves similar to wakefulness
Involved in learning and memory, as well as emotion

REM rebound

What is REM rebound?

Increased time spent in REM sleep following deprivation of REM sleep

According to Freud, what is manifest and latent content?

**Manifest:** The actual content or storyline of a dream **Latent:** The hidden meaning of a dream

What is the purpose of dreaming according to Freud?

Dreams are wish fulfillment

What were Carl Jung's beliefs? | (Dreams)

Dreams allow us to tap into the collective unconscious ## Footnote **The collective unconscious:** a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone

What were Rosalind Cartwright's beliefs? | (Dreams)

* Dreams reflect life events that are important to the dreamer * Dreams are problem focused

What were Alan Hobson's beliefs?

**Activation synthesis theory of dreaming:** Dreams were not meaning-filled like Freud suggested, but rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of the neutral activity happening during REM sleep

What are lucid dreams?

Dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state

What is insomnia?

A consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep ## Footnote Most common sleep disorder. Treatments include: lowering caffeine usage, increasing physical activity, medication, and CBT

What is a parasomnia?

A group of sleep disorders in which unwatned motor activity occurs during REM or NREM phases of sleep ## Footnote Sleepwalking, night terrors, restless leg syndrome, sleep-related eating disorders, sleep talking, sleep paralysis, exploding head syndrome, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, SIDS

When does sleepwalking occur?

Occurs in low-wave sleep (delta-wave stage 4)

What is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

RBD occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur ## Footnote This disorder is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. RBD can be treated with Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties.

What are restless leg syndrome and night terrors?

**Restless leg syndrome:** Uncomfortable sensation in the legs during periods of inactivity **Night terrors:** Result in a sense of panic and are accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment * Occurs during NREM phase of sleep

What is sleep apnea? ## Footnote What is a treatment for it?

Episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops Treatment: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device

What are the types of sleep apnea?

**Obstructive sleep apnea:** when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep and air is prevented from entering the lungs **Central sleep apnea:** Disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulates breathing, causing interrupted breathing

What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

An infant stops breathing during sleep and dies * Infants younger than 12 months are at higher risk and boys are more at risk than girls * Infants should be placed on their backs to sleep, and cribs should be empty

What is narcolepsy? ## Footnote Cataplexy

A condition where a person cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times * **Cataplexy:** sudden muscle weakness while awake ## Footnote 1/3 have REM dream-like hallucinations. Narcoleptic episodes are triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Treated by amphetamines.