Chapter 11: personality Flashcards by Brooke Lewis

What is personality?

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Personality comes from the latin word persona

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Who proposed the four separate temperaments related to personality?

Hippocrates

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What are the four temperaments identified by Hippocrates?

Choleric temperament (yellow bile from liver)
Passionate, ambitious, bold
Neurotic and extroverted
Melancholic temperament (black bile from kidneys)
Reserved, anxious, and unhappy
Neurotic and introverted
Sanguine temperament (red blood from the heart)
Joyful, eager, optimistic
Stable and extroverted
Phlegmatic temperament (white phlegm from the lungs)
Calm, reliable, and thoughtful
Stable and introverted

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What did Franz Gall propose about personality traits?

The distance between bumps on the skull reveals a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities

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What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Stems from the enduring conflict between our impulses to do whatever we feel like, and our restraint to control these urges

Id, ego, and superego

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What are Freud’s conscious and unconscious?

Conscious: 1/10th of our mind
Unconscious: the mental activity of which we are unaware and contains our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and desires

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What are the id, ego, and superego?

Id (unconscious):
Contains our most primitive drives or urges and operates on the “pleasure principle”
Ego:
Gets what the id wants in a reasonable, timely way.
Middle ground between id and superego.
Operates on “reality principle”.
Superego:
Acts as our conscious and moral compass.
We learn the social rules for right and wrong.

Id: Directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex
Superego: Strives for perfection and judges our behavior
Ego: Tries to find middle ground

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What are defense mechanisms in psychology?

Unconscious behaviors that aim to protect and reduce anxiety

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What are Frued’s defense mechanisms? (1)

(DDPR)

Denial: refusing to accept real events b/c they are unpleasant
Displacement: Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
Projection: Attributing unacceptable desires to others
Rationalization: Justifying behavior by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

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What are Frued’s defense mechanisms? (2)

(RF, R, R, S)

Reaction Formation: Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to their beliefs
Regression: Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
Repression: Suppressing painful memories and thoughts
Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

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What are the stages of psychosexual development according to Freud?

Pleasure-seeking urges, coming from the id, are focused on different areas of the body, called an erogenous zone

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

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What are the oral and anal stages?

(Freud’s psychosexual development)

Oral: Pleasure focused on the mouth.

Weaning from bottles poorly = smoking

Anal: Children work to master their control of themselves

Improperly handling toilet training can lead to fixations
People will need to feel a sense of control or lack self-control

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What is the phallic stage?

(Freud’s psychosexual development)

When children become aware of their bodies and recognize the difference between boys are girls

Oedipus complex: a boy’s desire for his mother and urge to replace his father’s attention for his mother

May lead to overambition and vanity

Electra complex: a girl desires her father and wishes to take her mother’s place

Penis envy

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What are the latency period and genital stage?

(Freud’s psychosexual development)

LP: Not considered a stage because sexual feelings are dormant

Children generally engage in activities with peers of the same sex
Creates gender role identity

GS: Sexual reawakening

Person redirects urges to other more socially acceptable partners (ones who resemble other-sex parent)
People in this stage have mature sexual interests (a strong desire for the opposite sex)

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What are the theories of individual psychology?

Alfred Adler: Importance of social tensions and our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
Inferiority Complex:
Due to children’s small-ness, weakness, and dependence on others, it motivates people to strive for superiority.
Striving for Superiority:
Developing certain abilities to their maximum potential.
Social Interest:
The welfare of others.
Fictional Finalism:
We might be motivated by beliefs that may not be objectively true.

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What are the three fundamental social tasks identified by Adler?

Occupational tasks
Societal tasks
Love tasks

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What is the central idea of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development?

Each stage involves a developmental task that must be resolved

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What are Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development?

trust v mistrust
autonomy v shame/doubt
initiative v guilt
industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
intimacy v isolation
generativity v stagnation
integrity v despair

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What is Carl Jung’s analytical psychology?

AP: balancing opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought and experience within one’s personality

(Collective unconscious, archetypes, extroversion, introversion)

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What are Karen Horney’s coping styles?

Children develop basic anxiety because of dependence on adults, which leads to basic hostility. To combat these intense feelings, children develop one of three basic coping styles:

Moving towards people
Moving away from people
Moving against people

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What is the behavioral perspective of psychology?

Behaviorists do not believe in biological determinism: they do not see personality traits as inborn
BF Skinner believed we learn to behave in certain ways: our environment is solely responsible for all behavior

What is the social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura:
Social-cognitive theory: Emphasizes that both learning and cognition are sources of individual differences in personality
The interaction between our traits and their social context
Reciprocal determinism:
The continual interaction between your particular qualities and the situation you are in
Self-efficacy and locus of control

What is reciprocal determinism?

Cognitive processes, behavior, and context influencing and being influenced by each other
(Individual vs the situation they are in)

What is Julian Rotter’s locus of control?

Beliefs about the power we have over our lives

Internal: our outcomes are a direct result of our efforts
External: people’s lives are controlled by other people, luck, or chance

What is observational learning?

* Albert Bandura * Learning is vicarious * We learn by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences * Observational learning is how we learn what behaviors are acceptable and rewarded in our culture

What is self-efficacy according to Albert Bandura?

Our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences ## Footnote * high self-efficacy believe their goals are within reach and have a positive view of challenges * low self-efficacy avoid challenges because they doubt their ability to be successful

What is the person-situation debate?

* **Walter Mischel** * **Found that behavior is decently consistent within situations** * **Self-regulation:** the process of identifying a goal or set of goals and, in pursuing these goals, using both internal and external feedback to maximize goal attainment * **Self-regulation = willpower** * **Willpower:** the ability to delay gratification * Ex. Something looks good, but you wait to eat it * Marshmallow study *

What is self-regulation?

The process of identifying and pursuing goals using feedback

What is humanistic psychology?

* Focuses on how healthy people devleop * Self-concept ## Footnote Includes Maslow'e hierarchy of needs

What is Rogers' theory of personality?

**Self-concept:** Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves * **Ideal self:** the person you would like to be * **Real self:** the person you actually are * **Congruence:** when self-concept is accurate * **Incongruence:** when there is a discrepancy between our ideal and real selves * We all need **unconditional positive regard** | (Humanistic psychology)

What does life-history theory examine?

Examines the life course and stages of an organism ## Footnote Biological approach

What is the focus of the costly signaling theory?

Honesty and deception in the signals people send about their quality as a mate or friend. ## Footnote Biological approach

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart find?

Identical twins raised together or apart have very similar personalities. ## Footnote Biological perspective

What does heritability refer to?

The proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. ## Footnote Biological perspective

What are the temperament categories? | (Babies)

* Easy * Difficult * Slow to warm up ## Footnote Biological perspective

What are the two dimensions of temperament important for adult personality?

* Reactivity * Self-regulation ## Footnote Biological perspective

What are traits and temperment in the context of personality?

**Traits:** characteristic ways of behaving **Temperament:** Inborn, genetically based personality differences * Stability * Introversion * Neuroticism * Extroversion ## Footnote (SINE)

What are Gordon Alport's categories of personality traits?

* **Cardinal traits:** one that dominates your entire personality * **Central traits:** traits that make up our personalities * **Secondary traits:** those that are present under specific circumstances * All exemplified and identified through the 16PF questionnaire

What does OCEAN stand for in the Five Factor Model?

* **Openness** (imagination, feelings, actions, ideas) * **Conscientiousness** (competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal driven) * **Extraversion** (sociability assertiveness, emotional expression) * **Agreeableness** (cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured) * **Neuroticism** (tending towards unstable emotions)

What are the factors in the HEXACO model?

* Honesty * Emotionality * eXtraversion * Agreeableness * Conscientiousness * Openness

What is selective migration?

The concept that people choose to move to places compatible with their personalities and needs.

What characterizes individualist vs collectivist cultures?

**Individualist:** Independence, competition, and personal achievement are important * Personality oriented traits **Collectivist cultures:** believe that social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs are important * Socially oriented traits

What are the cultural approaches to understanding personality? | (Cultural-comparative, indigenous, combined)

**Cultural-comparative approach:** seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures **Indigenous approach:** studies cultures based on constructs relevant to the observed culture **Combined approach:** a bridge between the other two as a way of understanding both universal and cultural variations in personality

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) used for? ## Footnote Personality assessment

Occupational screening.

What is the purpose of the lie scale in the MMPI? ## Footnote personality assessment

To ascertain whether the respondent is faking being good

What does the reliability scale test? ## Footnote Personality assessment

An instrument’s consistency over time

What is projective testing?

Relies on projection (Freud) to assess unconscious processes * Rorschach inkblot test * Thematic apperception test (TAT) * Contemporized themes cocerning blacks test * TEMAS (tell me a story) * Rotter incomplete sentence blank (RISB)

What is the Rorschach inkblot test used for?

Reveals unconscious feelings and struggles.

What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) provide insight into?

A patient's social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals.

What is TEMAS designed for?

Culturally relevant to minority groups.

What does the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) reveal?

Desires, fears, and struggles.