Chapter 16: Treatment Flashcards
What are exorcism, trephining, and asylums?
Exorcism:
incantations and prayers said over a person’s body to banish spirits
Trephining:
making a small hole in the person’s skill to release spirits from the body
* Most people treated in this manner died
Asylums:
institutions created in the 18th century to house people with psychological disorders
What was the Willard Psychiatric Center?
New York center that used electroshock and cold baths
What was the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act?
JFK’s act that changed mental health services in the US and began the deinstitutionalization of large asylums
What is involuntary versus voluntary treatment?
Involuntary treatment:
therapy that is not the individual’s choice (court mandated)
Voluntary treatment:
therapy that was chosen to attend by a person to obtain relief from symptoms
What is psychotherapy?
a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems or attain personal growth
What is psychoanalysis?
(free association, dream anaylsis, transference)
Psychoanalysis
uncovering repressed impulses and traumas experienced in childhood (Freud)
Free association:
the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind
Dream analysis:
a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams
Transference:
a patient transferring all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst
What is play therapy?
helping children resolve psychosocial difficulties through playing out their hopes, fantasies, and traumas while using dolls, stuffed animals, and sandbox figurines
What is behavior therapy?
(and counterconditioning)
Behavior therapy:
a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
Counterconditioning:
a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
All about changing behaviors
What are the types of behavioral counterconditioning?
(Aversive cond., exposure, systempic desensitization, VR, token)
Aversive conditioning:
uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior
* ex. Getting shocked while biting nails
Exposure behavior:
a therapist seeks to treat clients’ fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object pr situation that causes their problem with the idea that they will eventually get used to it
Systematic desensitization:
a person creates a hierarchy of anxiety from the least anxiety inducing stimulus to the feared object itself.
* This is paired with relaxation techniques during exposures
Virtual reality exposure therapy:
using a simulation to help conquer fears
Token economy:
involves a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for items or privileges
What is cognitive therapy?
focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress
* How you think determines how you feel and act
* Cognitive therapists help their clients change dysfunctional thoughts to relieve distress
What is cognitive behavioral therapy?
(Rational emotive therapy)
Cognitive behavioral therapy:
helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior.
* Aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
(cycle of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors)
Rational emotive therapy:
a type of CBT
ABCde model:
* Action/activating event
* Belief (rational or irrational)
* Consequences of this belief
- Disputation (challenging the irrational belief)
- Effect (adoption of values that lead to realistic beliefs)
What is humanistic therapy?
helps people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
* Focuses on conscious, not unconscious thoughts
Rogerian or Client-centered therapy:
therapists use active listening
* Unconditional positive regard: not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are
What is biomedical therapy?
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
What are anti-psychotic drugs?
- Blocks/reduces brain sensitivity to dopamine
- Increase serotonin (which inhibits dopamine)
- Treats schizophrenia or psychosis
What are anti-depressants?
- Aim to elevate norepinepherine and serotonin
- SSRIs
- Treats depression anxiety, phobias, OCD
What are tranquilizers?
- Increase actiivty of GABA
- Used to treat mild anxiety, but is often overprescribed
What are mood stabilizers?
- Lithium Carbonate (salt)
- Moderates norepinepherine levels
- protects from glutamate
- treats bipolar disorder
What are stimulants?
- Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention
- Used to treat ADHD
- increases serotonin and norepinepherine
What is psychosurgery?
Used to treat emotional disorders
* prefrontal lobotomy
* Walter Freeman
What are the types of stimulating and electroshock therapy?
Electroconvulsive shock therapy:
Used to treat severe depression
Deep brain stimulation:
Used to treat depression, OCD, and others
Transcranial magnetic stimulation:
Used to treat depression specifically
All are last resort options
What are the different therapy modalities?
Intake:
A therapist’s first meeting with a client
Individual therapy:
The client and clinician meet one on one
Group therapy:
A clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems
Couples therapy:
Involves two people in an intimate relationships who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them
Family therapy:
A form of group therapy that consists of one or more families
What are the two types of family therapy?
Structural family therapy:
therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family
Strategic family therapy:
goal is to address specific problems within the family that can be delt with in a relatively short amount of time
What are comorbid disorders?
The individual has two or more diagnoses
* This is often both a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis
* These individuals fall under the category of mentally ill and chemically addicted
What is cultural competence?
Mental health professionals must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity
* Ethnic minorities are far less likely to seek out and utilize mental health services
