Chapter 8-Memory Flashcards
What is memory and the three processes of
memory?
Memory - an active system that
receives, organizes, alters, stores, and
retrieves information
1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval
What does the information processing model
propose of how memory works?
model
of memory that assumes the processing
of information for memory storage is
similar to the way a computer processes
memory in a series of three stages
What terms are related to sensory memory?
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Capacity
Duration
What terms are related to short-term memory?
Selective attention
Digit-span test
Rehearsal
What terms are related to long-term memory?
Memory consolidation
Procedural/Implicit (nondeclarative)
memory
Declarative memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
explicit memory
What are the different types of long-term
memory?
Declarative memory
Nondeclarative memory
How do the following methods of retrieval
differ: recall, recognition, relearning?
Recall-Info must be pulled from memory with few external clues
Recognition-the ability to match a piece
of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact
Relearning
What are primacy and recency effects, and how
do they affect memory?
Primacy effect - tendency to
remember information at the
beginning of a body of
information better than the
information that follows
Recency effect - tendency to
remember information at the
end of a body of information
better than the information
ahead of it
How and where are memories formed in the brain?
Frontal Lobes
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
How does the arousal theory explain the
development of flashbulb memories?
Arousal theory states that a memory with strong emotions attached will be stronger. flashbulb memories are when an event is vividly remembered due to strong emotions
What contributions to the study of memory were
made by Daniel Schacter?
He discusses 7 ways our memory fails us
What contributions to the study of memory were
made by Hermann Ebbinghaus?
Ebbinghaus introduced what is referred to as
the “forgetting curve,” which suggests that due to decay, an average
person will lose about 50% of memorized information after 20
minutes and about 70-80% of the information after 24 hours
suggested that learning is more effective when it
is spaced out over time rather than conducted during a single longer
session. He also discovered that forgetting happens most rapidly
right after learning occurs and slows down over time.
What are different types and causes of forgetting?
Encoding failure - failure to process
information into memory
Decay (Transcience) - loss of
memory due to the passage of
time, during which the memory
trace is not used
How does amnesia relate to memory development
and forgetting?
Retrograde amnesia - loss of memory
from the point of some injury or trauma
backwards, or loss of memory for the
past
Anterograde amnesia - loss of memory
from the point of injury or trauma
forward, or the inability to form new
long-term memories (“senile dementia”)
Infantile amnesia - the inability to
retrieve memories from much before age
3 (natural occurrence)
How are people with Alzheimer’s disease affected
and helped?
The primary memory difficulty in Alzheimer’s is
anterograde amnesia, although retrograde
amnesia can also occur as the disease
progresses.
There are various drugs in use or in
development for use in slowing or stopping the
progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
