Chapter 1-Intro to Psych Flashcards
What is the definition of psyche?
the totality of the human mind,
including the conscious and the unconscious
mind;
What is the definition of psychology?
scientific study of mental
processes (the mind) and behavior
Through what methods of science is psychology studied?
empirical method - scientific research based on
evidence produced through observation and
experimentation.
What are the four goals of psychology?
1) Description
2) Explanation
3) Prediction
4) Control
How and when did psychology begin?
Began in the late 1800s when Wilhelm Wundt formed the first psychology lab
How are structuralism and functionalism described, and who were the primary contributors?
Structuralism-study of structure of the mind-Wilhelm Wundt (Edward Titchener)
Functionalism-how mental activities helps an organism fit into its environment-William James
Who were some of the early contributing minorities in psychology, and what were their contributions to the field?
Margaret Washburn-First women to get PhD in psych
Mary Whiton Calkins-First female pres of APS
Mary Cover Jones-major contributor to Counterconditioning
Francis Cecil Sumner-First African American to get PhD
Jorge Sanchez-founder of Chicano educational psychology
How are the theories of psychoanalysis, Gestalt, and behaviorism described, and who were the primary contributors?
Psychoanalysis-study unconscious-Sigmund Freud
Gestalt-Believes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts-Max Wertheimer
Behaviorism-Focuses only on behavior-John B Watson
Psychodynamic theory
Focused more on the development of a sense
of self and the discovery of other motivations
behind a person’s behavior than sexual
motivations
Behaviorism
Study of behavior
Humanism
Discusses how everyone has freewill and is able to become the best person he/she could be
Cognitive psychology
Focuses on thought, memory, intelligence,
perception, problem solving, language, and
learning.
Feminist psychology
Focuses on a psychology free of the influence of
male cultural biases on gender differences.
Multicultural psychology
focuses on the effects of culture on psychology
Biopsychology
Explores how our biology influences our behavior
Evolutionary psychology
Focuses on the biological bases of universal mental
characteristics that all humans share.
Developmental psychology
focuses on the
scientific study of development across the lifespan
Personality psychology
focus is on
identifying and measuring personality traits
Social psychology
focuses on how we relate to
and interact with others and how those interactions
influence our behavior
Industrial-organizational psychology
applies
psychological theories, principles, and research findings
in industrial and organizational settings
Health psychology
focuses on how health is
affected by the interaction of biological, psychological,
and sociocultural factors
Sport and exercise psychology
focuses on the
psychological aspects of sport performance and the
effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing
Clinical psychology
focuses on the diagnosis and
treatment of psychological disorders and other
problematic patterns of behavior
Counseling psychology
focuses on the wellbeing
of the “psychologically healthy” individual—examines
emotional, social, vocational, and health-related
outcomes
