Chapter 7-Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
What is cognition, and how do people use mental images to think?
Cognition-Mental activities that occurs when one is trying to understand info
Mental images - mental representations that stand for
objects or events and have a picture-like quality
What are concepts and prototypes?
Concepts - ideas that represent a
class or category of objects, events,
or activities
Prototypes – the best possible example or
representation of a concept
What is a schema, and what are the different types?
A schema is a mental construct consisting of
a cluster or collection of related concepts
Role Schema makes assumptions about how
individuals in certain roles will behave
Event schema (cognitive script) – set of behaviors that
can feel like a routine
What are the elements and structure of language?
Grammar - the system of rules governing the structure
and use a of language
Syntax - the system of rules for combining words and
phrases to form grammatically correct sentences
Semantics - the rules for determining the meaning of
words and sentences
Phonemes - the basic units of sound in language
Morphemes - the smallest units of meaning within a
language
Pragmatics - aspects of language involving the practical
ways of communicating with others, or the social
“niceties” of language
What is language?
Language - a communication system that
involves using words and systematic rules
to organize those words to transmit
information from one individual to another
How is language developed over the life span?
1) 0-3 months Reflexive communication
2) 3-8 months Reflexive communication; interest in others
3) 8-13 months Intentional communication; sociability
4) 12-18 months First words
5) 18-24 months Simple sentences of two words
6) 2-3 years Sentences of three or more words
7) 3-5 years Complex sentences; has conversations
What methods do people use to solve problems and make decisions?
Trial and error
Algorithms
Heuristic - an educated guess based on prior experiences
Insight - sudden perception of a
solution to a problem
What are barriers to solving problems?
Functional fixedness - ability to only thing of an object in its standard function
Mental set - Consistently use the same methods (which doesn’t necessarily work for each situation)
Confirmation bias
How is intelligence best defined?
the ability to learn
from one’s experiences, acquire
knowledge, and use resources
effectively in adapting to new
situations or solving problems
What are some of the theories of intelligence, how do they differ, and
what are some basic concepts related to each of the theories?
Charles Spearman’s Theory-Believed intelligence consisted of one general
factor called “g”
Raymond Cattell’s Theory-crystalized intelligence Fluid intelligence
Triarchic theory of intelligence-3 types of intelligence
1) Practical intelligence
2) Analytical intelligence
3) Creative intelligence
Howard Gardner’s Multiple belief that there are 9 types of intelligence
Emotional intelligence – the awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions
What is creativity, and how do divergent and convergent thinking relate
to creative thinking?
Creativity- the process of solving
problems by combining ideas or
behavior in new ways.
◦ Convergent thinking - type of thinking in
which a problem is seen as having only one
answer
◦ Divergent thinking – type of thinking in which
a person starts from one point and comes up
with many different ideas or possibilities
What is artificial intelligence?
a machine that can think
like a human
How is intelligence measured?
Intelligence quotient (IQ) - a number
representing a measure of intelligence,
resulting from the division of one’s
mental age by one’s chronological age
and then multiplying that quotient by
100
How are intelligence tests are constructed?
Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed. When the test is complete, individuals receive a score for each of the five indices and a Full Scale IQ
score.
What is delayed and what causes it?
condition in which a person’s
behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an
earlier developmental stage than the
skills of others who are the same
chronological age
Causes of developmental delay include
deprived environments, as well as
chromosome and genetic disorders and
dietary deficiencies.
