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bio 149-100 > chapter 8- making ATP > Flashcards

chapter 8- making ATP Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromosomes duplicate and one copy moves to opposite side of cell

A

first step of binary fission (prokaryotic cell division)

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2
Q

cell elongates

A

step 2 of binary fission

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3
Q

plasma membrane pinches in and more cell wall is made

A

last step of binary fission

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4
Q

what are chromosomes made of

A

protein and dna

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5
Q

exact copy of original chromatid attached at the centeomere

A

sister chromatid

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6
Q

growth, organelles double

A

G1 of interphase

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7
Q

chromosome replication (synthesis of dna)

A

S phase of interphase

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8
Q

more growth, and proteins are made

A

G2 of interphase

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9
Q

thick, condensed chromosomes, nucleus disappears

A

prophase of mitosis

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10
Q

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along invisible metaphase plate

A

metaphase of mitosis

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11
Q

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

A

anaphase of mitosis

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12
Q

nucleus reforms at round thick chromosomes and either a cleavage furrow or cell plate appears

A

telophase of mitosis

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13
Q

what is the purpose of cell division/ reproduction in eukaryotic organisms

A

to heal/repair
growth and development
asexual reproduction (mitosis)
sexual reproduction (meiosis)

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14
Q

cleavage furrow

A

occurs in animal cell telophase where membrane pinches in and makes figure 8 shape

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15
Q

cell plate

A

occurs in a plant cell in telophase and creates cell wall

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16
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis vs mitosis

A

meiosis is for sexual reproduction (makes gametes) and to reduce chromosome number by half

mitosis is for asexual reproduction

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17
Q

pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size shape and carry the same types of genes, one from each parent

A

homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

meiosis vs mitosis

A

meiosis makes gametes (sexual reproduction) and mitosis is for asexual reproduction

meiosis creates 4 haploid cells while mitosis creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells

meiosis goes through 2 stages of division while mitosis only has one

19
Q

diploid cells (2n)

A

has 2 sets of chromosomes (46)

20
Q

haploid cells (n)

A

has 1 set of chromosomes (23)

21
Q

condensed chromosomes
homologous pairs synapse and cross over

A

prophase 1 of meiosis

22
Q

homologous pairs line up in middle of cell

A

metaphase 1 of meiosis

23
Q

homologous pairs separate and move to poles

A

anaphase 1 of meiosis

24
Q

nucleus reforms around chromosomes
cleave furrow or cell plate forms

A

telophase 1 of meiosis

25
Q

cytokinesis of meiosis 1

A

2 haploid daughter cells

26
Q

prophase 2 of meiosis

A

condensed chromosomes

27
Q

metaphase 2 of meiosis

A

chromosomes line up in the middle

28
Q

anaphase 2 of meiosis

A

sister chromatids separate

29
Q

telophase 2 of meiosis

A

nucleus reforms

30
Q

cytokinesis of meiosis 2

A

4 haploid gametes

31
Q

what events increase genetic variability in meiosis

A

prophase 1
metaphase 1
fertilization

32
Q

how does prophase 1 increase genetic variability

A

homologous pairs synapse and cross over between non sister chromatids

33
Q

how does metaphase 1 increase genetic variability in meiosis

A

random alignment of homologous pairs

34
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

fast, efficient, and able to invade habitat quickly

35
Q

disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

low genetic diversity

36
Q

advantage to sexual reproduction

A

increase genetic variability

37
Q

disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

mutations

38
Q

faliure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 or 2

A

nondisjunction (mistakes in meiosis)

39
Q

example of nondisjunction

A

trisomy —-> down syndrome

40
Q

mutation where a segment is removed from a chromosome (creates shorter chromosome)

A

deletion

41
Q

mutation where segment is repeated (chromosome is longer)

A

duplication

42
Q

mutation where a segment is reversed (reverses nucleotide sequence)

A

inversion

43
Q

mutation where a segment breaks off one chromosome and attaches to another (changes structure if 2 chromosomes)

A

translocation

bio 149-100 (9 decks)

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