chapter 4- cells Flashcards
cell theory
-all living things made of cells
-cells are the basic unit of life
-cells come from other cells
why are cells so small?
the surface area to volume ratio is large
what do all cells have in common?
1) cell membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) dna
4) ribosomes
prokaryotic cells are part of what domain(s)?
domain bacteria and archaea
nucleiod
characteristic of a prokaryotic cell where dna is not enclosed by a membrane
gives shape support and protection
cell wall (prokaryotic)
proteins, gives protection
capsule (prokaryotic)
whiplike tail for movement
flagella (prokaryotic)
how do prokaryotic cells evolve into eukaryotic cells?
through the endosymbiotic theory
-membrane folds to increase surface area
-large prokaryotic cell engulfs a smaller cell without destroying/digesting it
endosymbiotic theory
what are benefits of endosymbiotic theory?
-larger cell gets nutrients (energy)
-smaller cell gets protection
-make energy molecules
-have 2 membranes
-reproduce like cells
-have own dna
mitochondria and chloroplast evidence of endosymbiotic theory
-control center
-houses dna
nucleus
makes ribosomes
nucleolus
-has ribosomes attatched
-site of protein synthesis
rough ER
-no ribosomes
-site if lipid synthesis
-helps detoxify chemicals
smooth ER
small membranous sac
vesicle
larger vesicle
vacuole
-processing center
-modifies, packages, and ships products of ER (proteins and lipids)
golgi apparatus
-stomach of animal cell
-contains digestive enzymes
lysosome
-site of cellular respiration
-makes ATP (energy molecule)
mitochondria
site of photosynthesis (makes sugar)
chloroplast
-microtubules and microfilaments
-gives shape to
-attachment and movement of organelles
-movement structures (cilia, flagella, muscles)
cytoskeleton
gives support and shape to plant cells
cell wall
water storage, pigments, and toxins
central vacuole
what do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotes lack?
membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane bound organelles
what do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotes lack?
cell wall, capsule, flagella
organelles and other structures of animal cells are also found in_______ cells
plant
difference between plant and animal cells
plants have cell wall, chloroplast, and large central vacuole and plasmodesmata
functions between cells
cell junction
-membrane proteins held closely together between cells
-prevents leaking
ex. bladder
tight junction
-protein fibers weaved between neighboring cells
-allows stretching
ex. uterus, skin
anchoring junction
-channel proteins between neighboring cells
-allows substances to flow across entire tissue/organ
ex. cardiac muscles
gap juntion
holes in plant cell walls connect allowing fluid and substances to flow across plant tissues
ex. suagr
plasmodesmata
polypeptide enters the rough er and folds into 3 dimensional shape
step one of secretion
short chains of sugar link to the polypeptide making it a glycoprotein
step 2 of secretion
when it’s ready to leave, it is packaged in a transport vesicle
step 3 of secretion
the vesicle buds off
step 4 of secretion
