chapter 5 continued- metabolism: energy and enzymes Flashcards
-obtain energy/ nutrients, use it, and make waste products
-sum of all chemical reactions in cells
metabolism
-causes change, perform work
energy
energy of motion; moving objects perform work my transfer motion to other matter
kinetic energy
examples of kinetic energy
diffusion, heat, light
stored energy due to location or structure
-molecules posses because of arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms
potential energy
examples of potential energy
carbs, fats, proteins, water behind dam, top of hill
-energy can’t be created or destroyed (constant)
-energy is transformed
1st law of thermodynamics
-energy conversions increase disorder(entropy) in universe because they are not 100% efficient
-heat, wastes
2nd law of thermodynamics
more energy in reactants and releases lower energy products
exergonic reaction
less energy in reactions and must absorb energy during reaction to have higher energy products
endergonic reaction
use of energy in _____________ reactions to drive ____________ reactions using energy stored in ATP
exergonic… endergonic
break down complex molecules (carbs, proteins, fats) to simpler ones and releases energy= exergonic reaction
catabolism
to build complex molecules from smaller ones, and requires energy = endergonic reaction
anabolism
energy molecule
fuels all cellular work
ATP (adenine triphosphosphate)
what does ATP consist of
- nitrogenous base (adenine)
-5 carbon sugar (ribose)
-3 phosphate groups
chemical work
endergonic reactions
mechanical work
movement: muscles, flagella
transport work
active transport
enzymes…
-are proteins
-made of amino acids
-shape/structure important function
- speed up chemical reactions
-can be denatured
amount of energy reactants must absorb for reaction to occur (get over energy barrier)
energy of activation
bind only to their substrate at their _________ _______ of enzyme
active site
energy/ substrate is ________ fit
induced
enzymes are _________ named after their __________
specific… substrates
1) empty active site
2) substrate enters and attatches by weak bonds and enzyme slightly changes shape to induced fit
3) strained bond reacts with water and substrate is converted
4) enzyme releases products and unchanged
how enzymes function
inorganic material like zinc and copper that sit in active site and help substrate attach
cofactor
series of chemical reactions leading to final products
metabolic pathway
feedback inhibiton
if too much of a product is produced, it may act as an inhibitor to one of the enzymes in metabolic pathway to regulate metabolism
prevents cell from wasting resources
