Chapter 8- Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
What is social change?
A
- Changes in the typical features of society over time
- Ongoing process and inevitable
- Broad concept used to explore the changes that take place in interpersonal relations as well as in society’s social organizations
2
Q
Explain “changes in the typical features of society over time” using examples.
A
changes in what is considered deviant over time, changes in the way we dress, texting and diving
3
Q
What does it mean to say that social change is an ongoing process and inevitable?
A
Occurs when there are changes to public policy, cultural traditions, or social institutions, at times inspired by collective behaviours
-society will die if it doesn’t occur
4
Q
What are some examples of social change being a broad concept?
A
Europeans in North America changed Indigenous society
5
Q
Social change is most likely to occur when…(4 reasons)?
A
- The change originates within what are seen as cutting edge sources (e.g., fashion shows, academic research findings)
- The change addresses a strongly felt need among the public (e.g., legislation to restrict access to question content on the Internet, bullying, drunk driving, etc.)
- The change is material rather than non-material (e.g., subsidizing the costs of alternative fuels versus brochures promoting the benefits of mass transit)
- The change is broadly compatible with people’s existing values (e.g., recycling programs succeed because people’s environmental awareness is rising)
6
Q
What does Marc Prensky (2001) believe?
A
The education system is ill suited to the needs and aspirations of todays students
- Digital Natives
- Digital Immigrants
7
Q
What are digital natives?
A
Students who spent entire lives using computers, internet, cell phones, video games
8
Q
What are digital immigrants?
A
Those who did not grow up with digital technology
-migrate into technology
9
Q
What do digital natives and immigrants responds to in different ways?
A
technology
10
Q
What is the life-cycle of social change?
A
innovation, exponential growth, saturation
11
Q
What is innovation?
A
- something new that inspires a change
- change is slow, adopted by 10-25% of population
- youth and upper and middle classes
12
Q
What is innovation from a conflict pop?
A
divisive if people in society can’t access it
13
Q
What is exponential growth
A
- the majority of the population adopts the technology or behaviour
- majority adopts change
14
Q
What is saturation?
A
- whereby the change enters a society’s traditions and normal daily practices
- everyone has it, common place
15
Q
What are vested interests? Examples?
A
- Describes why privileged members of society resist change
- Napster, Limewire, etc.
- Resist change to consolidate power
16
Q
What is the connection between vested interests and robots?
A
- Robots and the economy
- Cheaper to hire a robot
- They don’t care if they don’t get benefits
- No family drama, time off, maternity, unions, etc.
- Do we want to pay for uneducated people to get education?
17
Q
What are luddites?
A
resistance to technologies that challenged their way of life
-belief that technological advances are neither inevitable nor uncontrollable
18
Q
What are the two oppositions to social change?
A
1) Vested interests
2) Luddites
19
Q
What are the 9 inspirations for social change?
A
1) Technology
2) Physical Environment
3) Demographic Shifts
4) Economic Competition
5) War
6) Ideas
7) Governments
8) Individuals
Social Movements
20
Q
How does technology inspire social change? Examples?
A
-Provides artificial means to achieve given end or result
-Inspires great deal of social change that accumulates
Ex. farming, microwaves
21
Q
How does our physical environment inspire social change? Examples?
A
- diverse environments inspire social change
- Ex. Canadian weather vs. tropical climate
- Winter clothing and air conditioning
22
Q
How do demographic shifts inspire social change? Examples?
A
- aging population
- people requiring more and more assistance
- immigration and migration
- we need their expertise
23
Q
How does economic competition inspire social change?
A
- industrial powerhouses
- competities inspires innovation
24
Q
How does war inspire social change? Examples?
A
- inspiration for technological development
- dispersion among larger society
- after WWII the world did change–freedom and liberation
- the internet has ties to military
25
How do ideas inspire social change? Examples?
-impact of ideas
-enlightenment: free will, evolution, democracy, freedom, etc.
Bill C-51:
-gather info on people without warrant (idea of free will)
26
How do governments inspire social change? Examples?
- strong political leadership mobilizes large-scale efforts to alter the character of society
- Ex health care reform, human rights legislation
27
How do individual inspire social change? Examples?
- inspire social change through personality, charisma, and conviction
- gandhi, mandel, malala yousafzai
28
How do social movements inspire social change? Example?
- emergence of grassroots movements
| - ex. greenpeace
29
How do functionalists approach social change?
- change occurs through profess of differentiation
| - equilibrium theory
30
What is the equilibrium theory (functionalism)?
Holds that changes in one part of society require changes in other parts in order for society to return to its natural state of balance and harmony
31
How does conflict theory approach social change?
- change not necessarily an improvement
- stages defined by exploitation of poor
- social change through active revolt
- conflict as inevitable and necessary to inspire social change
32
Who are the evolutionary theorists that approaches social change?
Darwin, Comte, Durkheim
33
How do unilinear evolutionary theories approach social change?
One path through which society or organism evolves
34
How do universal evolutionary theories approach social change?
all societies process in the same manner
35
How does neoevolutionary theory approach social change?
- highlights the role of technology in assisting human beings with their subsistence needs
- multilinear, continuous, and fluid
36
What is collective behaviour?
People unite to achieve a single and meaningful goal that may inspire social change
37
What is collectivity?
-people who join together on the basis of loosely defined norms
38
What are localized collectivities?
- collectivities in which members are located in each other's immediate physical presence
- riots, demonstrations
39
What are dispersed collectivities?
- members are located in different places at same time
- loose groups through technologies
- internet 'haters'
40
What are the 9 types of localized collectivities?
1) crowds
2) casual crowd
3) conventional crowd
4) expressive crowd
5) acting crowd
6) mob
7) flash mob
8) riot
9) protest crowd
41
What are crowds?
Unorganized collection of people gathered temporarily for a particular cause
42
What are casual crowds?
happen to be in same place at same time
| -shopping, movie
43
What are conventional crowds?
- emerges from structured social events
| - wedding, funeral
44
What are expressive crowds?
provides participants with opportunity to express their emotions
-gay pride parades
45
What are acting crowds?
intention to express anger and direct it outwardly
| -more aggressive
46
What is a mob?
crowd that gathers to achieve an emotionally driven goal
| -looser (as opposed to acting crowd)
47
What is a flash mob?
planned gathering of large numbers of people for a brief and predetermined period of time
48
What is a riot?
type of acting crowd that directs its anger towards multiple targets,moving from one to another in unpredictable ways
49
What is a protest crowd?
deliberately assembled crowd to rally support for a social movement
-Standing Rock
50
What are the 5 types of dispersed collectivities?
1) rumours
2) mass hysteria
3) disaster behaviour
4) fashion, fad, and crazes
5) publics
51
What are dispersed collectivities?
More likely to react in emotional and unconventional ways
52
What are rumours?
- information passed from person to person lacking reliable evidence
- includes gossip and urban legends
53
What is mass hysteria? Example?
react to a real or imagine event with irrational/frantic fear
-Martinsville hysteria
54
What is disaster behaviour? Example?
- reaction to an unexpected event that causes extensive damage to people, animals, and property
- Hurricane Katrina
55
What are fashion, fads, and crazes? Examples?
- social pattern that appeals to a large number of people
| - selfies, tattoos and piercings
56
What are publics? Example?
- defined political interest for meeting and organizing
| - election crowds
57
What are the 3 sociological approaches to collective behaviour?
1) contagion theory (irrational)
2) convergence theory (deliberate)
3) emergent norm theory (dynamic exchanges)
58
What is contagion theory?
- group exerts powerful influence on the individual
- individuals lose his/her conscious personality, replaced by 'collective mind'
- largely discounted
59
What is convergence theory?
negative, irrational behaviour appeals to particular type of person
- deliberate
- see an opportunity, "let's do this"
60
What is emergent norm theory? What type of approach? Example?
- symbolic interactionist approach
- adjustment to new norms that emerge within given groups situations
- no teacher, class leaves
- people gather to help people out after a large storm
61
What are social movements?
highly structured, rational, and enduring form of collective behaviour
62
What are the 4 characteristics of social movements?
1) shared common identity (goals and ideology)
2) act at least partly outside of political institutions (protest)
3) don't use government, use Facebook or twitter, etc.
4) reject and challenge dominant forms of power
63
What are informal social movements?
emerge in opposition to specific local issue
| -local causes usually
64
What are formal social movements?
large organizations that are well integrated and established
| -large organization
65
What are the 4 types of social movements?
1) revolutionary
2) reformist
3) reactionary
4) religious
66
What are revolutionary social movements?
seek reorganization of society
67
What are reformist social movement?
Form within existing structure to improve society
68
What are reactionary social movements?
Emerges when groups resist an event or decision
69
What are religious social movements?
Grounded in spiritual or supernatural belief system
70
What is the life-cycle of social movements?
1) emergence/incipience
2) coalescence
3) bureaucratization/institutionalization
4) decline
71
What is the emerge/incipience of social movements?
unorganized, no clear leadership or direction
72
What is the coalescence of social movements?
- begins to define itself and develop a strategy
| - meetings, strategy, emails, etc.
73
What is the bureaucratization/institutionalization of social movements?
incorporation of bureaucratic organization, establish form of hierarchy
-hierarchy of division of labour
74
what is the decline of social movements?
most are temporary and either collapse from internal or external pressures
75
What are the 6 sociological approaches to social movements?
1) relative deprivation theory
2) mass society theory
3) value-added theory
4) resource mobilization theory
5) political process theory
6) new social movement theory
76
What is relative deprivation theory? When can deprivation arise?
- the origin of social movements resides in discontent (disconnect with some who are unhappy with current social situation)
- feelings of deprivation can arise when groups perceive that they are not be treated fairly by society around them
77
What is mass society theory?
- forces of industrialization and urbanization, as well as the size of our world, diminish our ties with society
- people left feeling alienated, vulnerable, and prone to extremist social movement (why masses rise up against governments)
78
What is value-added theory? What type of approach?
functionalist approach
79
What are the 6 conditions to value-added theory?
1) structural conducivness
2) structural strain
3) growth and speed of generalized belief
4) precipitating incident
5) mobilization for action
6) social control
80
What is resource mobilization theory?
- investigate how members of social movements father and use resources to meet their needs
- successful movements effectively acquire and manage key resource
- Collectively--people father to take a stand
81
What is the political process theory?
- emphasizes dynamic relationship between social movement organizations and the larger economic and political reality in which the operate
- assess degree to which social movements influence larger society
82
Why is the new social movement theory? When did it originate?
- originated during uprisings of the 1960s
- forms of action are motivated by collective identity found in the culture, ideology, and politic son post-industrial society
- globally focused
