Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 201 > Chapter 8 Joints And Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Joints And Articulations Flashcards

0
Q

Structural Classifications of Joints:

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  • No joint cavity present
  • Amount of movement allowed depends on the length of the connective tissue uniting the bones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Durability of Joints

A

Joints are the weakest parts of the skeleton, but are meant to resist various forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structural Classifications of Joints:

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Articulating bones United by cartilage.
  • No Joint Cavity
  • Not Highly movable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structural Classifications of Joints:

Synovial Joints

A
  • Articulating bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity.
  • Permits substantial freedom of movement (freely movable diarthroses)
  • Almost all joints of the limbs fall into this category.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1 Sutures

The 3 Types of Fibrous Joints:

A
  • Seams in the bone that occur only in skull.
  • Junction between sutures filled with short connective tissue continuous to periosteum.
  • Synostoses: stage in middle age where sutures ossify and fuse into a single unit.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 Syndesmoses

The 3 Types of Fibrous Joints:

A
  • Bones connected by ligaments that vary in length.

- Amount of movement depends on length of ligaments. Short : little/no movement Long: Large amount of movement possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 3 Types of Fibrous Joints:

Gomphoses

A
  • Peg-In-Socket fibrous joint.
  • Only example is aveolar socket of teeth.
  • Fibrous connection is short periodontal ligament.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functional Classifications of Joints and Freedom levels of movement:

A
  • Synarthroses: Immovable Joints
  • Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints
  • Diarthroses: Freely Movable joints.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1 Synchondroses

The 2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints:

A
  • Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage that unites bones.
  • Virtually all are synarthrotic
  • Examples: Epiphyseal plate, joint between costal cartilage of first rib and manubrium of the sternum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 Symphyses

The 2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints:

A
  • Joint in which Fibrocartilage Unites bone.
  • Fibrocartilage acts as shock absorber and limits amount of movement at the join.
  • Amphiarthrotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1 Articular Cartilage

6 Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints:

A
  • Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage.

- Thin, spongy cushions that absorb compression placed on joint and keep bone ends from being crushed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Joint (Articular) Cavity

6 Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints:

A

-Potential space that contains small amount of synovial fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 Joint (Articular) Capsule

6 Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints:

A
  • Tough, external, fibrous layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue continuous with periostea and underlying bones.
  • Strengthens joint so bones are not pulled apart.
  • Inner layer is Synovial membrane that makes synovial fluid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 Synovial Fluid

6 Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints:

A

-Derived of filtrations from blood flowing from the capillaries in the membrane.
-Viscous, egg-white consistency due to hyaluronic acid secreted by the cells.
-Provides slippery film that provides lubrication to decrease friction between joints.
o Weeping Lubrication: Synovial fluid squeezed from joint during times of stress on joint then to be reabsorbed. This process lubricates free surfaces of cartilage and nourishes cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

5 Reinforcing Ligaments

6 Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints:

A
  • Often capsular ligaments; thickened part of the fibrous layer.
  • Some are outside capsule (extracellular) while other are deep to it (intracellular; which are covered in synovial membrane and thus not actually lying within joint cavity).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

6 Nerves and Blood Vessels

6 Distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints:

A
  • Some nerves detect pain but most monitor joint position and stretch.
  • Blood vessels supply the synovial membrane, providing the blood filtrate need to produce synovial fluid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Fatty Pads:

A
  • Cushioning between the fibrous layer and synovial membrane of bone.
  • Located in places such as the knee and hipbone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Articular Discs (Menisci):

A
  • Padding that extends inward from the articular capsule and partially or completely divide the synovial cavity in two.
  • Make joint more stable and minimize damage to bone ends.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Bursae:

A

-Flattened, fibrous sacks lines with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Tendon Sheath:

A
  • Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction.
  • They are common where several tendons are crowded together within narrow canals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1 Articular Surfaces

3 Stability Factors of Synovial Joints:

A

-The surfaces in which bones connect have a direct effect on the movements that that particular connection site will allow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 Ligaments

3 Stability Factors of Synovial Joints:

A
  • More ligaments lead to a stronger joint.

- But also restrict movement due to being easily stretched (and staying stretched) or snapping.

22
Q

3 Muscle Tone

3 Stability Factors of Synovial Joints:

A
  • Most important stabilizing factor.

- Tendons are kept taught by the tone of the overlying muscles.

23
Q

Define Origin:

A

-The attachment of a muscle to the immovable (or less movable) bone.

24
Q

Define Insertion:

A

-The attachment of a muscle to the more movable bone.

25
Q

Define Non-Axial Movement:

A

-Slipping movements only, since there is no axis around which movement can occur.

26
Q

Define Uniaxial Movement:

A

-Movement in one plane.

27
Q

Define Biaxial Movement:

A

-Movement in two planes.

28
Q

Define Multiaxial Movement:

A

-Movement in or around all three planes of space and axes.

29
Q

Types of Movement:

Gliding

A
  • One flat, or nearly flat bone glides over another without appreciable angulation or rotation.
  • Occurs at intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
30
Q

Types of Movement:

Angular

A
  • Increase or decrease the angels between two bones.

- Occur in plane of the body and include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

31
Q

1 Flexion

Types of Angular Movement:

A

-Bending movement, decreasing the angle of the joint and bringing articulating bones closer together.

32
Q

2 Extension

Types of Angular Movement:

A
  • Reverse of flexion.
  • Increases angle of the joint and brings articulating bones further apart.
  • Hyperextension occurs when this movement occurs beyond the anatomical position.
33
Q

3 Abduction

Types of Angular Movement:

A

-Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

34
Q

4 Adduction

Types of Angular Movement:

A

-Opposite of abduction, limb towards the midline of the body.

35
Q

5 Circumduction

Types of Angular Movement:

A

-Moving of a limb in a circular variation.

36
Q

Types of Movement:

Rotation

A
  • Turning of the bone along it’s own long axis.

- Occurs between first two cervical vertebrae, the hip joints, and shoulder joints.

37
Q

Types of Movement:

Special Movements

A

-Movements that do not fit in any of the categories.

38
Q

Types of Special Movement:

Supination and Pronation of Hand

A
  • Movements of the radius of the ulna or vice versa.
  • Supination the palm of your hand would face upward.
  • Pronation it would face downward
39
Q

Types of Special Movement:

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of Foot

A
  • The up and down movements of the foot.
  • Plantar flexion being toes pointed down.
  • Dorsiflexion meaning toes pointed up.
40
Q

Types of Special Movement:

Inversion and Eversion of Foot

A
  • Inversion the sole of the foot faces inward.

- Eversion the sole of the foot faces outward.

41
Q

Types of Special Movement:

Protraction and Retraction of Jaw

A
  • Protraction is when you jut your jaw outward

- Retraction you bring your jaw inward.

42
Q

Types of Special Movement:

Elevation and Depression

A
  • Elevation is lifting a body part superiorly.

- Depression is dropping a body part inferiorly.

43
Q

Types of Special Movement:

Opposition of the Fingers

A

-When you touch your thumb to the tips of other fingers of the same hand.

44
Q

Types of Joint Injuries:

Cartilage Tears

A
  • Tearing of Menisci and joints usually during overuse of the affected limbs.
  • Usually fixed by anthroscopic surgery restabilizing the effected part of the limb, while if severe enough could cause surgery to completely reform and replace the area.
45
Q

Types of Joint Injuries:

Sprains

A
  • When reinforcing joints are stretched or torn.
  • Usually can be fixed by the Rest Ice Compression Elevation method but may need light surgery to sew the joints back together.
46
Q

Types of Joint Injuries:

Dislocations

A
  • Disalignment of a bone that often also stretch the surrounding ligaments and cause pain and inflammation.
  • Subluxation is a more minor and partial dislocation of a joint. These are commonly repeated due to the ligaments remaining stretched.
47
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Bursitis

A

-Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction.

48
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Tendonitis

A

-Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse.

49
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Arthritis

A

-Over 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints.

50
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Most common chronic arthritis.

- Often referred to as wear-and-tear arthritis.

51
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disorder with an insidious onset.
  • Usually has to do with age but can develop at any age in certain cases.
  • Only affects about 1% of people.
52
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Gouty Arthritis

A

-Blood levels of uric acid rise excessively causing needle-shaped urate crystals in soft tissue of joints

53
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions:

Lyme Disease

A
  • Inflammatory disease cause by spirochete bacteria transmitted by bites of ticks that live on mice and deer.
  • Often results in joint pain.

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions