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Anatomy 201 > Chapter 6 Bones And Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Bones And Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

The 3 Types of Cartilage and Properties of Them:

A
  • Hyaline: Most abundant skeletal cartilage. Made of fine collagen fibers. Examples: Articular, Costal, Respiratory and Nasal.
  • Elastic: Resemble hyaline but contain more stretchy elastic fibers. Examples: External ear and epiglottis.
  • Fibrocartilage: Highly compressible. Consists of thick collagen fibers. Occur in sites that are subjected to pressure and stretch. Examples: knee and between vertebrae.
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1
Q

Properties of Skeletal Cartilage:

A
  • Molded to fit body location and Function
  • Consists mostly of Water
  • Perichondrium: Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers bones and cartilage. Acts as resistance of outward expansion when cartilage is compressed. Contains blood vessels.
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2
Q

The 2 Types of Growth:

A
  • Appositional: Grows in width. Grows from outside. Perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue.
  • Interstitial: Grows in length. Grows from inside. Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.
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3
Q

Define Axial Skeleton:

A
  • Forms long axis of the body

- Includes bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

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4
Q

Define Appendicular Skeleton:

A
  • Consists of bones of upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
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5
Q

Types of Bones:

Long Bones

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Consists of shaft and two expanded ends
  • All limb bones except patella, wrist and ankles.
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6
Q

Types of Bones:

Short Bones

A
  • Roughly cube-shaped
    Examples: Wrist and ankle
  • Sesamoid Bones: special type of short bone that form in a tendon.
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7
Q

Types of Bones:

Flat Bones

A
  • Thin, flattened and usually curved.

Examples: sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones.

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8
Q

Types of Bones:

Irregular Bones

A
  • Complicated shapes that fit none of the classes
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9
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Support

A
  • Provide framework that supports the body
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10
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Protection

A
  • Fused bones protect organs
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11
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Movement

A
  • Skeletal muscles use bones as levers to move limbs
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12
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Mineral and Growth Factor Storage

A
  • Bone is a reservoir for minerals.

- These minerals (Calcium, phosphate, etc.) are released into the bloodstream to nourish the body

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13
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Blood Cell Formation

A
  • Hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
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14
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Triglyceride (Fat) Storage

A
  • Fat is stored in bone cavities
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15
Q

Important Functions of Bones:

Hormone Production

A
  • Bones produce osteocalcin which helps regulate bone formation and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus.
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16
Q

Define Compact Bone:

A

-Dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye.

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17
Q

Define Spongy Bone:

A
  • Internal layer of bone.
  • Consists of small needle-like flat pieces called trabeculae.
  • Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with yellow or red bone marrow.
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18
Q

Structural Aspects of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones:

A
  • Consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone. These plates are covered by connective tissue membranes (Periosteum, Endosteum)
  • No shaft of epiphysis
  • Contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity

-Diploë: the name for spongy bone in flat bones

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19
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Diaphysis

A
  • Tubular shaft.
  • Forms long axis of bone.
  • Thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a medullary cavity (Contains yellow marrow in adults)
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20
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Epiphyses

A
  • Bone Ends.
  • Often broader than diaphysis.
  • Outer shell of compact bone with spongy bone interior.
  • Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage on the ends to cushion the bones.
  • Epiphyseal Line: remnant of epiphyseal plate that remains after bone and cartilage growth completion.
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21
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Periosteum

A

Tough membrane covering external bone.

Outer fibrous layer is dense, irregular, connective tissue while inner osteogenic layer is primitive stem cells that give rise to all bone except osteoclasts (which resorb bones)

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22
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Nerve Fibers and Blood Vessels

A
  • Pass through diaphysis and enter marrow cavity through nutrient foramina.
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23
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Perforating (Sharpey’s) Fibers

A
  • Tufts of collagen fibers extend from outer fibrous layer in bone matrix.
  • Secures the periosteum to underlying bone
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24
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Endosteum

A
  • Delicate connective tissue membrane
  • Covers internal bone surfaces
  • Contains Osteogenic cells that turn into other bone cells.
  • Contain osteoblasts for bone growth and osteoclasts for bone resorption.
25
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Hematopoietic Tissue

A
  • Red marrow cavities.
  • Trabecular cavities of spongy bone in long bones.
  • In medullary cavity of diaphysis and all spongy bone
  • In adults for in humerus and femur
26
Q

Structural Aspect of Long Bones:

Bone Markings

A
  • Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachments at joint surfaces.
27
Q

The 5 types of Bone Tissue Cells: All are derived from mesenchymal cells in the embryonic mesoderm.

Osteogenic Cells

A
  • Mitotically active stem cells found in periosteum and Endosteum
  • Some turn into osteoblasts or bone lining cells while others persist as Osteogenic cells
28
Q

The 5 types of Bone Tissue Cells: All are derived from mesenchymal cells in the embryonic mesoderm.

Osteoblasts

A
  • Bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix
  • Actively mitotic
  • Play a role in matrix calcification
  • When active are cube-shaped, when inactive are flattened Osteogenic cells
29
Q

Define Osteoid:

A

Initial unmineralized bone

30
Q

The 5 types of Bone Tissue Cells: All are derived from mesenchymal cells in the embryonic mesoderm.

Osteocytes

A
  • Mature bone cells that occupy spaces (Lacunae) that conform to their shape.
  • Monitor and maintain bone matrix
  • Act as stress or strain sensors, responding to mechanical stimuli.
  • Communicate with cells for bone remodeling.
31
Q

The 5 types of Bone Tissue Cells: All are derived from mesenchymal cells in the embryonic mesoderm.

Bone Lining Cells

A
  • Flat cells found in bone surfaces where remodeling isn’t occurring.
  • Help maintain matrix
  • External surface called Periosteal cells while internal are call Endosteal cells.
32
Q

The 5 types of Bone Tissue Cells: All are derived from mesenchymal cells in the embryonic mesoderm.

Osteoclasts

A
  • Large, Multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption.
  • Resorption Bay: shallow depression where osteoclasts are when actively resorbing bone, exhibiting a ruffled border that contacts bone.
33
Q

Define Osteon (Haversian System) and name a key part:

A
  • Structural unit of compact bone.
  • Grouping of hollow tubes of bone matrix
    • Lamella: Matrix Tubes
34
Q

Canals and Canaliculi of Compact Bone:

Central (Haversian) Canal

A
  • Contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers
35
Q

Canals and Canaliculi of Compact Bone:

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals

A
  • Connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals.
  • Lined with Endosteum
36
Q

Canals and Canaliculi of Compact Bone:

Lacunae

A
  • At the junctions of lamellae
  • Connected by hair-like structures called Canaliculi which are formed when maturing cells become trapped in a secreted matrix
37
Q

Define Interstitial Lamellae:

A
  • Lamellae that lie between intact Osteons and incomplete lamellae
38
Q

Define Circumferential Lamellae:

A
  • Located deep to periosteum and just superficial to Endosteum
  • Extend around entire circumference of diaphysis
  • Resist twisting of bone
39
Q

The 3 Organic Components of Bone:

A
  • Cells: Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts.
  • Osteoid: Organic part of the matrix. Composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen fibers. Contribute to bone structure.
  • Sacrificial Bonds: Contribute to bone resilience. In or between collagen molecules. Stretch and break easily on impact, dissipating energy from rising to fracture value.
40
Q

Primary Inorganic Component of Bone:

A

Hydroxyapatites: Mineral salts. Help allow to resist compression.

41
Q

Define Growth Arrest Lines:

A
  • Horizontal lines in long bones

- Provide visible proof of illness when body uses nutrients to fight disease and the bones stop growing.

42
Q

Define Ossification (Osteogenesis) :

A
  • Process of bone formation
43
Q

Define Endochondral Ossification:

A
  • Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
44
Q

Process of Endochondral Ossification:

5 Steps!

A

1) Bone collar forms around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model
2) Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities.
3) Periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
4) Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in Epiphyses.
5) Epiphyses ossify. When completed hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and Articular cartilages.

45
Q

Define Intramembranous Ossification:

A
  • Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
46
Q

Process of Intermembranous Ossification:

4 Steps!

A

1) Ossification centers appear in fibrous connective tissue membrane.
2) Osteoid is secreted within fibrous membrane and calcifies.
3) Woven bone and periosteum form
4) Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, deep in periosteum. Red marrow appears.

47
Q

Define Epiphyseal Plate Closure:

A
  • Bone lengthening stops
48
Q

The 5 Zones of Interstitial Growth:

A

1) Resting Zone: cartilage relatively inactive
2) Proliferation Zone: Cartilage cells undergo mitosis
3) Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells enlarge.
4) Calcification Zone: Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die, matrix starts deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity.
5) Ossification (Osteogenic) Zone: New bone forms.

49
Q

Name the Hormones Needed for Bone Growth:

A
  • Human growth hormone
  • Thyroid Hormone
  • Estrogen/Testosterone sex hormones
50
Q

Bone Remodeling and Repair function and primary cells:

A
  • Maintains homeostasis of bone. Bones constantly remodeling via sex hormones and nutrients from the blood.
  • Osteoblasts: Build Bond
  • Osteoclasts: Resorb and breakdown bone
51
Q

Define Hypercalcemia:

A
  • To much calcium in the bloodstream

- May cause effect on functionality of blood vessels, kidneys, and other soft organs.

52
Q

Define Hypocalcemia:

A
  • To little calcium in the bloodstream.

- May cause brittle bones due to lack of calcium to strengthen them.

53
Q

Define Leptin:

A
  • Hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a role in regulating bone density.
54
Q

Define Serotonin:

A
  • Neurotransmitter that regulates mood and sleep.

- Mostly made in gut and the blood brain barrier bars it from entering the brain

55
Q

Define Wolff’s Law:

A
  • Bones are thickest in places that face the most stress
  • Form Follows Function!
  • Weight-bearing exercise and strength training can assist in increasing bone deposition.
56
Q

The 4 Steps of Bone Repair:

A

1) Hematoma forms
2) Fibrocartilagenous Callus Forms
3) Bony Callus forms
4) Bone Remodeling Occurs

57
Q

Define Osteomalacia:

A
  • Disorders in which bones are poorly mineralized
58
Q

Define Rickets:

A
  • Like Osteomalacia, bones are poorly mineralized.

- In this case is within children

59
Q

Define Osteoporosis:

A
  • A disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
60
Q

Define Paget’s Disease:

A
  • Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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