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Anatomy 201 > Chapter 5 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of the Integumentary a System

A
  • External protective covering
  • Barrier to viruses and bacteria
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Reduces dehydration
  • Facilitates cutaneous sensation
  • Maintain metabolic functions and blood reservoirs
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1
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat and Oil Glands

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2
Q

The 2 Regions of the skin, and details:

A
  • Epidermis: outermost protective shield of the body. Composed of epithelial cells. Not vascularized.
  • Dermis: Makes up the bulk of the skin. Tough and leathery layer composed mostly of fibrous tissue. Vascularized.
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3
Q

Hypodermis (Superficial Fascia)

A

Subcutaneous layer deep to the two layers of skin. Composed mostly of adipose tissue. Mainly insulates, and anchors skin to underlying structures, but also helps protect the underlying organs.

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4
Q

The 4 Cells of the Epidermis:

A

1) Keratinocytes
2) Melanocytes
3) Dendritic(Langerhans Cells)
4) Tactile (Merkel) Cells

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5
Q 
Cells of epidermis:
 #1 Keratinocytes
A
  • Produce keratin, which helps give epidermis protective qualities.
  • Connected by desmosomes.
  • Surface for Stratum Basale
  • Epidermal growth factor
  • Keratin-filled plasma membranes that die and flake off at the skin’s surface
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6
Q 
Cells of the epidermis:
#2 Melanocytes
A
  • Located in deepest layer of epidermis; stratum Basale.
  • Spider-shaped, epithelial cells.
  • Synthesize the pigment Melanin.
  • Melanin accumulates at superficial site of cells, eventually reaching surface of the skin to protect against UV Radiation.
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7
Q 
Cells of Epidermis:
#3 Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells
A
  • Surface from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis.
  • Activators of the Immune System
  • Ingest foreign substances
  • Extend among surrounding keratinocytes to form a continuous network
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8
Q 
Cells of the Epidermis:
#4Tactile (Merkel) Cells
A
  • Located in epidermal-dermal junction.
  • Shaped like a spiked hemisphere
  • Intimately associated with disc-like sensory nerve endings.
  • Function as sensory receptors for touch.
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9
Q

The 5 Layers of the Epidermis:

Deep to Superficial

A

1) Stratum Basale
2) Stratum Spinosum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Corneum

5) Stratum Lucidium(only in palms of hands and soles of feet)

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10
Q 
Layers of the Epidermis: 
#1 Stratum Basale
A
  • Deepest Epidermal layer
  • One row of actively mitotic stem cells
  • Newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.
  • See occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells.
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11
Q 
Layers of the Epidermis:
#2 Stratum Spinosum
A
  • Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.

- Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

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12
Q 
Layers of the Epidermis:
#3 Stratum Granulosum
A
  • Typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating.
  • It’s cytoplasm is full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules.
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13
Q 
Layers of the Epidermis:
#4 Stratum Corneum
A
  • Most superficial layer.
  • 20-30 layers of dead cells; flat membrane sacs filled with keratin.
  • Some glycolipids in extra cellular space.
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14
Q 
Layers of the Epidermis:
#5 Stratum Lucidum
A
  • ONLY IN THICK SKIN OF PALMS OF HANDS AND SOLES OF FEET

- Consists of 2-3 rows of dead keratinocytes

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15
Q

Define Apoptosis

A
  • Occurs from stratum Basale all the way to stratum Corneum
  • The cells break down, flatten, thicken, and shed away.
  • No nucleus or organelles by the end of this process!
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16
Q

The 2 Layers of the Dermis:

A
  • Papillary

- Reticular

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17
Q 
2 Layers of the Dermis:
#1 Papillary Layer
A
  • Loosely woven aveolar tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels.
  • Allows certain things to pass through while keeping harmful foreign products from entering.
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18
Q

Parts and Examples of the Papillary Layer:

A

Dermal Papillae: Many contain capillary loops while others house free nerve endings.

Epidermal Ridges: FINGERPRINTS! Also called Friction Ridges.

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19
Q 
Two layers of the Dermis: 
#2 Reticular Layer
A
  • 80% of the dermis.
  • Coarse, irregular, dense fibrous tissue.
  • Contains thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibers.

Example: Cleavage Lines- externally invisible lines that run longitudinally. Very important for surgeons when performing incisions.

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20
Q

The 3 Pigments that Contribute to Skin Color:

A
  • Melanin
  • Carotene
  • Hemoglobin
21
Q 
The 3 Pigments that Contribute to Skin Color:
#1 Melanin
A
  • Only pigment made in skin.
  • Color due to amount and form.
  • Produce Melanocytes.
  • Sun exposure stimulates secretes by keratinocytes that stimulate melanin production.

Examples: Freckles & Moles

22
Q

What are Sun Spots:

A

Fungal infections not related to melanin.

23
Q 
The 3 Pigments that Contribute to Skin Color:
#2 Carotene
A
  • Yellow-Orange pigment in certain parts.
  • Accumulates in Stratum Corneum and Hypodermis
  • Can be converted to Vitamin A for vision and skin health.
24
Q 
The 3 Pigments that Contribute to Skin Color:
#3 Hemoglobin
A
  • Blood!

- Red blood cells all over the body that run through the blood stream and contribute to the color of skin

25
Q

Skin Color Symptoms and Possible Diagnosis:

Cyanosis

A
  • Blue!

- Low oxygenation of hemoglobin.

26
Q

Skin Color Symptoms and Possible Diagnosis:

Erythema

A
  • Red!

- Fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

27
Q

Skin Color Symptoms and Possible Diagnosis:

Pallor

A
  • Blanching; White

- Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, or anger.

28
Q

Skin Color Symptoms and Possible Diagnosis:

Jaundice

A
  • Yellowing

- Liver disorder

29
Q

Skin Color Symptoms and Possible Diagnosis:

Bronzing

A
  • Metallic

- Inadequate amounts of steroid hormones

30
Q

Skin Color Symptoms and Possible Diagnosis:

Bruises

A
  • Black and Blue

- Clotted blood beneath skin

31
Q

Appendages of the skin:

A
  • Hair and Hair follicles
  • Nails
  • Cutaneous glands: Sudoriferous (eccrine & apocrine) , Ceruminous, and Sebaceous (Oil)
32
Q

Hair (Pili) functions and parts:

A
  • Warms body, senses insects, guards from UV Radiation, heat loss, and physical trauma.

Parts:

  • Hair Shaft
  • Hair Root
33
Q

The 3 Concentric layers of Hair:

A
  • Medulla: Central core. Only part containing soft keratin.
  • Cortex: Bulky layer surrounding medulla. Consists of several layers of flattened cells.
  • Cuticle: Single Layer of Overlapping cells. Helps separate hairs so they don’t mat together. Most keratinized part making it very strong.
34
Q

Structures of hair:

Hair Follicle

A
  • Extend to Hypodermis.

- Deepest part located beneath skin’s surface.

35
Q

Structures of hair:

Hair Bulb

A
  • Small bulb at the end of the hair follicle
36
Q

Structures of hair:

Hair Follicle Receptor (Root Hair Plexus)

A
  • Knot of sensory nerve endings.

- Senses movement of hair.

37
Q

Structures of hair:

Hair Papilla

A
  • Contains knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair.
38
Q

Structures of hair:

Peripheral Connective Tissue Sheath and Epithelial Root Sheath

A
  • What the wall of a hair follicle is composed of
39
Q

Structures of hair:

Hair Matrix

A
  • Actively dividing area of the hair bulb
40
Q

Structures of hair:

Arrector Pili

A
  • Bundle of smooth muscle cells.

- Evokes hair-raising response

41
Q

Define Alopecia:

A
  • Any level of baldness beginning in either sex
42
Q

Definition of a Nail and It’s Parts:

A
  • Scale-like modification of epidermis that is clear and protects the finger or toe.
  • Nail Matrix: Responsible for nail growth.
  • Nail Folds: Proximal and lateral borders that are overlapped by skin folds.
  • Cuticle: End of nail
  • Hyponychium: Thickened region beneath the free edge of a nail where dirt and debris accumulate.
43
Q

Define Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands and name the 4 types:

A
  • Distributed over entire skin surface except nipples and other parts of the external genitalia.
  • Eccrine (Merocrine)
  • Apocrine
  • Ceruminous
  • Mammary
44
Q

Sweat Sudoriferous Glands:

Eccrine (Merocrine)

A
  • Abundant in palms, soles of feet, and forehead.

- Secretes sweat for temperature regulation

45
Q

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands:

Apocrine

A
  • Confined to Axillary, and anogenital areas.
  • Lie deep in the dermis.
  • Ducts empty into hair follicles.
  • Secretes milky-yellowish fluid with generally unpleasant odor.
46
Q

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands:

Ceruminous

A
  • In external ear canal

- Secrete ear wax to block entrance of foreign materials to ear canal.

47
Q

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands:

Mammary

A
  • Secrete Milk
48
Q

Sebaceous Oil Glands

A
  • Simple branched alveolar glands
  • Found everywhere except palms of hands and soles of feet.
  • Secrete sebum
  • Highly functional during puberty
49
Q

Skin Cancer types, and Severity:

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma: Least malignant. Most common. Mostly due to sun exposure.
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Second most common. Grows rapidly. Eliminated via surgery or radiation.
  • Melanoma: Most dangerous. Resistant to chemotherapy. Most rare.
50
Q

ABCD Skin Cancer Rule:

A

Asymmetry: Two sides of pigmented spot on mole don’t match

Border Irregularity: Border of lesion exhibits indentations.

Color: Pigmented spot contains several colors.

Diameter: Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter.

51
Q

Degree and Severity of Burns:

A

1st degree: only epidermis damaged. Localized redness, swelling, and pain.

2nd degree: Injure epidermis and part of dermis. Similar to 1st degree but blisters present.

3rd degree: Full-thickness burns. Area gray-white or cherry red. Nerve endings destroyed so little to no pain.

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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