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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 8- Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints (articulations)

A

the site where 2 bones meet

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2
Q

The shape of a joint determines

A

how much movement it allows

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3
Q

General functions of joints (2)

A
  1. Mobility- allow movement of various body parts

2. Stability- hold the skeleton together

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4
Q

Joints allow small amounts of movement are

A

More stable. They are less likely to dislocate and damage internal organs

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5
Q

In general, how are joints classified?

A

By structure and function

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6
Q

What is the structural joint classification defined by?

A

The type of tissue that connects bones at the articulating surface

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7
Q

Structural joint classifications (3)

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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8
Q

Joint cavity

A

Only found in synovial joints. It is defined as a very small empty space between the bones that form the joint or around the joint itself. Contains synovial fluid

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9
Q

What is the functional joint classification defined by?

A

The amount of movement allowed by the joint

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10
Q

Functional joint classifications (3)

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
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11
Q

The axial skeleton typically contains which functional joint categories?

A

Synarthroses and amphiarthroses are prevalent in the axial skeleton.
Synarthroses are held very tightly together. We don’t want most of the bones in the axial skeleton (ribs, etc.) to move around

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12
Q

The appendicular skeleton typically contains which functional joint categories?

A

Diarthroses are prevalent in the appendicular skeleton

We want the limbs to be able to move around and want the dexterity in fingers for certain tasks

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13
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Joints composed of collagen fibers of connective tissue, contain no joint cavity. Fibrous joints have short collagen fibers, prevents movement

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14
Q

Fibrous joints typically include which functional joint classifications?

A

Mostly synarthroses, some amphiarthroses

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15
Q

Types of fibrous joints (3)

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Gomphoses
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16
Q

Sutures

A

“Seams”- joints found only between the bones of the skull. Composed of bundles of extremely strong and short collagen fibers
The fibers are clumped/bundled together, making them strong and allowing VERY little movement

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17
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft spots of a fetus or infant- this allows skull flexibility during birth. These areas are not ossified and the sutures of the skull are not completely formed. Large chunks of fibrous tissue separate the bone- fibrous tissue is strong and will not tear away easily

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18
Q

By what age will fontanelles be ossified?

A

18 months

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19
Q

Why are fontanelles important?

A

In fetuses, the brain grows very quickly- fontanelles allow the brain to grow without being locked in place
They also allow the infant’s head to squeeze through the pelvic bone without damage

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20
Q

Syntoses

A

What sutures form if they ossify- syntoses are not considered joints. Formation is normal, but it doesn’t happen to everyone and usually happens later in life

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21
Q

Syndemoses

A

Bones are connected to one another only by ligaments. Movement depends on the length of the ligaments. The longer the fiber, the more movement allowed.

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22
Q

Ligaments

A

bands of fibrous tissue that join bone to bone

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23
Q

How does the ligament between the distal portions of the tibia and fibula influence their movement?

A

The interosseous ligaments between the tibia and fibula in the lower leg allow them to move relative to each other but not that much- influences the amount of movement in the foot- we can kind of move the foot but can’t flip it all the way around. Short ligament= limited movement

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24
Q

How does the ligament between the radius and ulna influence their movement?

A

The ligament between the radius and ulna has longer fibers and therefore you can move the hand much more. The bones form an x when the hand is facing downward and are parallel when hand is facing up

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25
Q

Gomphoses

A

The only joint type that does not join bone to another bone- joins the teeth to the bony alveolar sockets. Fibers are very short, providing limited movement- don’t want the teeth moving too much or coming out

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26
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

joins the bone of the mandible/maxilla to the centrum of the tooth

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27
Q

How do braces work?

A

Braces force movement of the periodontal ligament/joint. The periodontal ligament does not want to move, which is why braces are painful.
Retainers are necessary so the periodontal ligament can’t force the teeth back to normal

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28
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

bones joined by cartilage, no joint cavity

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29
Q

Cartilaginous joints typically include which functional joint classifications?

A

Synarthroses and amphiarthroses

Benefit- prevents excessive moment

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30
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

A
  1. Synchondroses

2. Sympheses

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31
Q

Synchondroses

A

bones united with a plate of hyaline cartilage. Example- epiphyseal plate in long bones, costal cartilage

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32
Q

Which functional classification of joints are typically found in synchondroses?

A

synarthroses

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33
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Costal cartilage joins the ribs to the sternum- don’t want the ribs shifting too much. Found at the epiphyseal plate- joins two parts of the bone. This is the only temporary joint

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34
Q

Symphyses

A

Fibrocartilage joins bone, hyaline cartilage is still found on the bone surface
Some movement is allowed, but it’s limited
Excellent shock absorber- can withstand tension and return to original shape
Ex- intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

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35
Q

Intervertebral joints

A

Intervertebral discs are good shock absorbers (body weight, walking, running, etc) and allows for flexibility to the vertebral column without damage- this can change with age

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36
Q

Intervertebral disc herniation

A

Discs can herniate- a part of the fibrocartilaginous joint pops out of the side of the vertebrae. Can press on a muscle (impairs function and causes some pain) or a nerve (very painful). This can occur with hard blow/trauma to the back, with weight lifting if the weight is way too heavy, or with bad posture for extended periods of time, sleeping in weird position for too long

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37
Q

Pubic symphysis function

A

Pubic symphysis doesn’t allow much movement- movement occurs slightly when you shift from one leg to the other

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38
Q

Synovial joints

A

Structurally more complex than cartilaginous or fibrous joints- most joints in the body fall under this classification
Almost all located in the appendicular skeleton, they contribute to the movements of our limbs

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39
Q

Which functional joint classification do synovial joints usually include?

A

Diarthroses- they allow for substantial amount of movement compared to fibrous/cartilaginous joints

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40
Q

Which 6 features are found in synovial joints?

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
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41
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
Function- provides cushion to prevent bone damage when weight is placed on a joint-prevents the bone ends from directly rubbing together (very painful), stores synovial fluid

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42
Q

Articular capsule

A

two layered capsule that encloses the joint cavity- forms the walls of the joint cavity. This and the articular cartilage are 2 separate structures.
Contains 2 layers

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43
Q

2 layers of the articular capsule

A
  1. Fibrous (outer) layer

2. Synovial membrane (inner)

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44
Q

Fibrous layer of the articular capsule

A

Outer layer that is continuous with the periosteum of bone (the diaphysis).
Function- strengthens and provides stability to joint, prevents excessive movement at the joint

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45
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Inner layer of the articular capsule. Lines any part of joint cavity except where hyaline cartilage is present
Function- produces and secretes synovial fluid

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46
Q

Synovial fluid

A

slippery fluid occupying space in joint capsule and articular cartilages. Location depends if the joint is being used (if you’re moving or not)

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47
Q

What happens to the synovial fluid when the joint is not active?

A

When the joint is not active, the fluid is viscous (like an uncooked egg white). The fluid is soaked into the articular cartilage (It is usually stored in articular cartilages).

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48
Q

What happens to the synovial fluid when the joint is active?

A

When the joint is active, fluid thins and becomes watery

Fluid is pressed out when the joint is compressed- the fluid is squeezed out into the joint cavity

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49
Q

What is the function of the synovial fluid?

A

Reduces friction between articular cartilages of articulating bones

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50
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

bandlike ligaments that join articulating bones. Named for location relative to the articular capsule. There are 3 types

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51
Q

Types of reinforcing ligaments (3)

A
  1. Capsular ligaments
  2. Extracapsular ligaments
  3. Intracapsular ligaments
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52
Q

Capsular ligaments

A

Ligaments that are a part of the outer layer of a joint capsule

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53
Q

Extracapsular ligaments

A

Ligament found outside the joint capsule

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54
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

Ligament found deep to the joint capsule (but not in the joint capsule)

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55
Q

Function of the reinforcing ligaments

A

Reinforce joints to provide extra stability, as these joints tend to be less stable

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56
Q

How are the reinforcing ligaments different in “double jointed” individuals?

A

Longer and looser reinforcing ligaments- allows for more flexibility in the joint. This might not be a full body thing and only happen in a specific set of joints

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57
Q

Innervation of the joints

A

Joints supplied with sensory nerve fibers (position, stretch, and pain)
Function- prevents excessive movements that could damage joints, also allows the brain to monitor posture and body movement. This prevents you from falling and causing damage/pain.

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58
Q

Vascularization of the joints

A

There is a rich blood supply to joints.

Function- capillary beds in the synovial membrane provide raw material to build synovial fluid

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59
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened sacs that contain a small amount of synovial fluid, found where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and/or bone would rub together. This structure may or may not be associated with a synovial joint.

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60
Q

Bursae function

A

Reduce friction between adjacent structures

61
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to frequent friction, found in “crowded” tendon areas (example- tendons in the wrist and ankle).
Some joints have both (indicates a complex joint), some have one, some don’t have any. This structure may or may not be found in synovial joints

62
Q

Tendon sheath function

A

Prevents excessive friction for a particular tendon

63
Q

Tendonitis

A

Damage to the tendon when the tendons rub against each other

64
Q

Which factors influence joint stability? (3)

A
  1. Articular surfaces
  2. Ligaments
  3. Muscle tone
65
Q

How do articular surfaces influence joint stability?

A

The better 2 bones fit together, the more stable the joint in general.
For example, the coxal joint is more stable than the glenohumeral joint.

66
Q

Why is the coxal joint relatively stable?

A

The acetabulum wraps almost completely around the head of the femur- very stable.
In contrast, the glenoid fossa is short and does not wrap around the head of the humerus. The head sits in the glenoid fossa like a golf ball sits on a tee- this is not very stable

67
Q

How do ligaments affect the stability of a joint?

A

Generally, the more ligaments that surround the joint, the stronger the joint. However, if ligaments are the only supportive structure, the joint will lose stability

68
Q

What do ligaments need to be most effective?

A

The ligaments need something to back it up to be most effective, like a reinforcing structure, or they will be overstretched. Ligaments that are overstretched will not return to their normal shape.

69
Q

How does muscle tone affect joint stability?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone and often wrap around/over joints. If the muscles are always slightly contracted, they pull slightly on tendons- this braces the joint

70
Q

The movement allowed by synovial joints depends on

A

the shape of the epiphyses

71
Q

Nonaxial movement

A

Results in gliding motion, involves flat articular surfaces on both bones
Example- plane joint in intercarpal and intertarsal joints, vertebrae

72
Q

Uniaxial movement

A

Movement allowed in one axis only
Movement allowed- flexion, extension, rotation
Example- hinge joint between humerus and ulna and pivot joint between radius and ulna. Allows for rotation of the hand (you can supinate or pronate).

73
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the angle of a joint and brings the articulating bones closer together

74
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between the articulating bones, typically involves straightening a flexed trunk, elbow, etc.

75
Q

Rotation

A

The turning of a bone along its long axis. Common at the hip and is the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae. The movement can be directed toward the midline or away from it

76
Q

Supination

A

The palm of the hand faces upward/forward, the radius and the ulna are parallel

77
Q

Protonation

A

The palm of the hand faces downward/backward, the radius rotates over the ulna

78
Q

Plane joint

A

A joint with flat articular surfaces, an example are intercarpal joints and vertebral articular surfaces. Usually allows nonaxial movement

79
Q

Hinge joint

A

A joint where one articular surface is cylinder shaped and the other is trough shaped, such as the joint between the humerus and the ulna (the distal end of the humerus is cylindrical). Allows for uniaxial movement

80
Q

Biaxial movement

A

Contains 2 axes of movement, usually at right angles to each other
Movement allowed- flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
Examples- condylar joint in knuckle, saddle joint at base of thumb

81
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a limb away from the midline along the frontal plane

82
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a limb toward the body midline along the frontal plane

83
Q

Condylar joint

A

A joint where the bones have oval articulating surfaces. Example- knuckle and wrist joints (metacarpals). Allows for biaxial movement

84
Q

Saddle joint

A

A joint where one articular surface is concave and the other is convex (curved outward). Example- carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs. Allows for biaxial movement.

85
Q

Multiaxial movement

A

Has multiple axes of movement. Movement allowed- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation
Example- ball and socket joints of shoulder and hip

86
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Joint where one articular surface is cup shaped like a socket, and the other is spherical. Example- shoulder joints and hip joints. Allows for multiaxial movement

87
Q

Which bones make up the temporomandibular joint?

A

The mandible articulates to the temporal bone

88
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Hinge

89
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Articular disc divides the synovial cavity into superior and inferior portions. This is why you can move your jaw up and down.
Both of these movements occur during chewing. This is an evolutionary advantage in eating solid foods if you can move your jaw in a circular type of motion
This joint is most easily dislocated

90
Q

What type of movements are allowed by the superior and inferior portions of the jaw?

A

Superior- allows lateral excursion. Sits closer to the mandibular fossa. This is why you can move your jaw left and right
Inferior- allows elevation/depression.

91
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Shoulder joint- where the humerus articulates to the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
This joint is the most frequently dislocated.
Type- ball and socket joint
Most freely moving joint in the body

92
Q

What 3 features is the glenohumeral joint known for?

A
  1. Reinforcing ligaments are very thin and loose
  2. Rotator cuff
  3. Glenoid labrum
93
Q

Reinforcing ligaments of the glenohumeral joint

A

Includes the coracohumeral ligament and glenohumeral ligaments (3). They wrap around the joint to provide stability

94
Q

Rotator cuff

A

4 muscles: subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and teres minor (and associated tendons) encircle the shoulder joint

95
Q

What happens when the rotator cuff is damaged?

A

Tearing these muscles and tendons will decrease joint stability. Fixing the rotator cuff or healing it is difficult, and when it heals it won’t be the same functionally

96
Q

What types of movements damage the rotator cuff?

A

The rotator cuff is very easily damaged by excessive/extreme movements. For example, circumduction (like pitching in baseball) puts a lot of stress on these muscles.

97
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

Rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid fossa- provides some stability to the shoulder joint

98
Q

Which bones make up the elbow joint?

A

The humerus articulates with the ulna

99
Q

Which characteristics of the elbow joint provide stability? (3)

A
  1. Stability is provided by close fit of the trochlea (on humerus) and trochlear notch (on ulna). This is again based on how the articular surfaces fit together.
  2. 2 ligaments
  3. Muscle and tendon of arm muscles wrap around elbow to provide further stability
100
Q

What structures determine elbow movement?

A

Articular capsule is thin and loose, which allows flexion/extension movement
Ulnar collateral ligament (medial) and radial collateral ligament (lateral) prevent side to side movement

101
Q

Which 2 ligaments are associated with the elbow joint?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament (medial) and radial collateral ligament (lateral)

102
Q

Which bones compose the coxal joint?

A

The head of the femur articulates with the os coxa. This is a ball and socket joint

103
Q

Which factors contribute to the stability of the coxal joint?

A
  1. Shape- this is a ball and socket joint and has a deep socket. The acetabulum of the os coxa has acetabular labrum to further deepen the socket
  2. The joint is reinforced by strong ligaments. The ligaments twist themselves completely around the joint
104
Q

Ligaments of the articular capsule of the coxal joint (3)

A
  1. Iliofemoral ligament
  2. Pubofemoral ligament
  3. Ischiofemoral ligament
105
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

Ligament of the head of the femur. This is not found in the glenohumeral joint. Attaches to the head of the femur on the inside of the joint and extends to the inner surface of the acetabulum.

106
Q

Ligamentum teres function

A

Function is unclear- probably serves as a coxal joint stabilizer for certain movement of the joint, like flexion or rotation. It also allows for blood and nerve supply to the head of the femur. People who damage this ligament tend to have severe arthritis at this joint- damage causes less synovial fluid and cartilage

107
Q

Joints found in the knee joint (3)

A
  1. Femoropatellar joint

2. Tibiofemoral joints- there are 2 of these, lateral and medial

108
Q

Femoropatellar joint

A

The joint between the patella and femur- it’s a plane joint (intermediate to the other two joints)

109
Q

Tibiofemoral joints

A

Two joints between the femur and tibia (lateral and medial). It’s a hinge joint allows flexion/extension

110
Q

Joint capsule of the knee joint

A

The joint is only partially closed by joint capsule- anterior surface of the knee has no capsule, it is enclosed with ligaments

111
Q

Important features of the knee joint (3)

A
  1. Menisci
  2. Extracapsular and capsular ligaments
  3. Intracapsular ligaments (cruciate ligaments)
112
Q

Menisci

A

C-shaped joint cartilage of the knee. They form ridges laterally and medially and help with absorbing shock.

113
Q

How can the menisci be damaged?

A

Only attached to the tibia along the outer margins of the bone, the rest is unattached. Therefore, it can tear or rip away easily. This is a very common sports injury, especially with sudden or lateral movements. Usually needs surgery to fix it

114
Q

Extracapsular and capsular ligaments

A

Extracapsular and capsular ligaments prevent hyperextension of the knee. If you could freely hyperextend your knee, it would bend backwards.

115
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

Intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint. They secure articulating bones, prevent displacement. Named according to where they attach to the tibia.

116
Q

Cruciate ligaments of the knee joint (2)

A
  1. Anterior cruciate ligament

2. Posterior cruciate ligament

117
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

Ligament that prevents forward sliding of tibia and prevents hyperextension. It attaches to the tibia on the anterior side.
The ACL is smaller and thinner and therefore tears more easily, so it’s more of a problem than the PCL.

118
Q

What causes damage to the ACL?

A

This is also a very common sports injury caused by sudden changes in direction
Treatment- ranges from time and immobilization to never being able to play sports again

119
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A

Ligament that prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur. It attaches to the tibia on the posterior side

120
Q

Factors that can cause joint injuries (3)

A
  1. Overusing your joints- excessive pressure and stress will cause damage. Often caused by people in a manual labor profession like construction workers
  2. Not using your joints- the joints are not maintained, like people who work office jobs and sit all day
  3. Using your joints the wrong way- trying to force a movement or doing something like weight lifting the wrong way
121
Q

Cartilage tears

A 
Joint cartilage (usually menisci) is overstretched, can snap and break.
Healing (if any) takes time. Thick cartilage will probably have too much damage and not be able to heal through diffusion (cartilage is avascular). The joint is less stable after injury
122
Q

What forces can cause cartilage tears?

A

Compression (pushing together) and shear stress (rubbing against each other) occur simultaneously. This will rip cartilage if it occurs at the same time.

123
Q

Locking

A

Pieces of broken cartilage from cartilage tears can interfere with joint function, called “locking”.

124
Q

Sprains

A

Ligaments reinforcing joint are damaged. There are 2 types: a partial/stretch tear and a completely torn ligament

125
Q

Stretch/partial tear

A

A type of sprain where the ligament is capable of healing on its own. Similar to cartilage, this is a slow process

126
Q

Completely torn ligament treatments (3)

A

This is a type of sprain- more difficult to repair. Treatments:

  1. Time/immobilization
  2. Sew ends of the ligament together (basically like trying to sew spaghetti together- very difficult)
  3. Grafting- taking a piece of tendon and using it to replace the torn ligament
127
Q

Subluxations

A

Incomplete/partial dislocation of a joint

128
Q

Dislocations

A

Occurs when the joint comes out of alignment. You can dislocate any synovial joint, but stable joints take more stress to dislocate

129
Q

Which joints are more likely to dislocate?

A

Less stable joints

130
Q

Why are joints that have already been dislocated more likely to dislocate again in the future?

A

The ligaments have been overstretched and will remain overstretched when the joint is put back in place- the joint will be less stable than before

131
Q

How is arthritis categorized? (2)

A
  1. Pathophysiology (degenerative or inflammatory)

2. Time of onset (acute or chronic)

132
Q

Inflammatory arthritis

A

The joint tissue is inflamed, swollen, and painful. Rheumatoid arthritis is an example

133
Q

Degenerative arthritis

A

Losing joint tissue and not replacing it with anything. Eventually the bones are rubbing together- this is very painful. Osteoarthritis is an example.

134
Q

What causes acute arthritis?

A

Bacterial, inflammatory- easily treated with antibiotics

135
Q

Chronic arthritis

A

Inflammatory/degenerative, long lasting

136
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common form of chronic arthritis- progresses slowly and is irreversible. More articular cartilage is destroyed than can be replaced by the body- exposed bone tissue rubs together, forming bone spurs. Poorly aligned and/or overused joints are most likely to exhibit OA

137
Q

Bone spurs

A

Bone spurs are permanent bone deformities.
Osteoarthritis deforms bone ends (excessive growth of bone in strange places) and restricts movement at joint because it gets in the way.
Bone spurs aren’t always necessarily a result of osteoarthritis, however.

138
Q

Who is more commonly affected in osteoarthritis?

A

Older individuals are more affected than other age groups, and more women are affected than men

139
Q

Osteoarthritis treatment

A

Treatment- pain medication or complete joint replacement surgery. The ends of the epiphyses are cut off and covered with metal.

140
Q

What can be done to make a joint more stable?

A

Strengthening a muscle around a joint will make it more stable

141
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder (immune system is attacking your joints). Bilateral degenerative condition (occurs in the same joints on both sides). Individuals affected have flare ups followed by periods of remission (mostly symptom free). It never goes into a permanent period of remission, however, and flare ups will usually get worse over time.

142
Q

Which joints are most likely to be affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Joints of fingers, wrist, ankles, feet most likely to be affected.

143
Q

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Pain and swelling felt in joints affected by RA

144
Q

Who is more commonly affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

More women affected than men, typically diagnosed between ages 30-50

145
Q

Progression of rheumatoid arthritis (3 stages)

A
  1. Synovial membrane becomes inflamed
  2. Lymphocytes and macrophages flood area to destroy the cause of inflammation
  3. Accumulation of synovial fluid and formation of a pannus
146
Q

What occurs during the lymphocyte/macrophage stage of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Release chemicals in such a large amount that it destroys healthy tissue
Macrophages also destroy some of the synovial membrane

147
Q

Pannus

A

a thickened portion of the synovial membrane as a result of rheumatoid arthritis- breaks down cartilage tissue over time

148
Q

Ankylosis

A

Occurs with rheumatoid arthritis- scar tissue forms where the hyaline cartilage tissue once was, fusing bones together

149
Q

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

A

No cure, but can be treated with painkillers or steroids (immune system depressants)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (18 decks)

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