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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 2- Chemistry comes alive > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry comes alive Flashcards

1
Q

Molecule

A

the combination of two or more atoms of the same element (oxygen)

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2
Q

Compound

A

the combination of two or more atoms of different elements

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3
Q

Mixtures

A

any substance containing two or more compounds physically intermixed

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4
Q

Solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures can exist as solid, liquid, or gas composed of very small particles that do not settle out

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5
Q

Solvent

A

A dissolving medium, water is the body’s primary solvent

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6
Q

Solute

A

dissolved in solvent

Example- saline solutions (water and NaCl)

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7
Q

2 ways to describe concentration

A
  1. Percent solution- amount of solute is expressed as a percentage of the total solution volume
  2. Molarity- the number of moles of a substance per liter of solution
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8
Q

A mole of any element or compound is equal to

A

Its molecular weight

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9
Q

Colloids

A

heterogeneous mixtures (not evenly distributed) composed of large solute particles that do not settle out. Can undergo sol-gel transformation

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10
Q

Heterogeneous mixtures

A

Mixtures that are not evenly distributed

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11
Q

sol-gel transformation

A

mixture can change from a fluid state to a more solid state (and back again)
Ex- cytosol of cells changes consistency depending on certain cell activities (cellular division, change in shape)

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12
Q

Suspensions

A

heterogeneous mixture composed of large solute particles that do settle out
Ex- blood contains a fluid portion (plasma) with various cell types (RBC, WBC, and platelets) suspended in it

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13
Q

Chemical bonds occur when

A

substances are held together by attraction to each other or sharing or exchanging electrons

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14
Q

Types of chemical bonds (3)

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
  3. Hydrogen
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15
Q

Ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons such that ions are formed, forms salts. Results in anions and cations

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16
Q

Anions

A

accept electrons, became negatively charged

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17
Q

Cations

A

donate electrons, become more positively charged

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18
Q

Covalent bonds

A

sharing of electrons in a common orbital between atoms, results in nonpolar and polar molecules

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19
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

atoms in the covalent bond share electrons equally and are electrically balanced (carbon dioxide)

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20
Q

Polar molecules

A

atoms in a covalent bond do not share electrons equally, with one atom being an “electron hog”. Ex- oxygen strongly attracts electrons in water

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21
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

occur when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to another atom is attracted by another electron hungry atom. Too weak to form molecules but can be structurally important
Example- oxygen in water pulls hydrogen from another water molecule- this forms surface tension

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22
Q

How are hydrogen bonds important for proteins?

A

water forms a shield between charged proteins so they won’t interact unnecessarily

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23
Q

Chemical reactions occur when

A

chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged

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24
Q

Types of reactions (2)

A
  1. Synthesis

2. Decomposition

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25
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

formation of bonds between atoms or molecules to form larger, more complex structures. They are endergonic. Ex: anabolic reactions in the body

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26
Q

Endergonic

A

contains more energy after formation

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27
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

bonds are broken to create smaller molecules or individual atoms. They are mostly exergonic. Ex- catabolic reactions in the body

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28
Q

Exergonic

A

release energy when the bond is broken

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29
Q

Examples of inorganic compounds in the body (3)

A
  1. Water
  2. Salts
  3. Acids and bases
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30
Q

Importance of water in homeostasis (5)

A
  1. Universal solvent
  2. Heat capacity is high
  3. Protection
  4. Heat of vaporization is high
  5. Reactive in chemical reactions
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31
Q

What substances does water transport?

A

Water carries nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste as solutes

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32
Q

Why is water’s high heat capacity important?

A

Water can absorb and release large amounts of heat with little change to its own temperature
Importance- prevents overheating from exercise, sun exposure, etc.

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33
Q

How does water protect internal organs?

A

Water based body fluids provide a cushion for internal organs, preventing damage

34
Q

Why is water’s high heat of vaporization important?

A

Large amounts of heat must be absorbed to break bonds and cause evaporation, sweat is extremely effective in cooling the body

35
Q

Why is water’s reactivity important?

A

Hydrolysis reaction vs dehydration synthesis- chemical reactions will stop with little/no water availability

36
Q

Purpose of salts

A

Salts dissociate in solution to form electrolytes. Electrolytes Na+ and K+ allow for muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses, iron used to carry oxygen, etc

37
Q

Purpose of acids and bases

A

Acids and bases also form electrolytes. Many chemical reactions in the body take place at a certain pH, range is optimal between 7.2-7.4

38
Q

Acids

A

release H+ ions in solution, causes pH to drop

39
Q

Bases

A

release OH- ions in solution, causes pH to increase

40
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acids release some but not all H+ when pH becomes too basic
Weak bases tie up excess H+ when pH becomes too acidic
Results- buffers prevent large changes in pH that could cause excessive damage in the body. high/low pH disrupts cellular activity

41
Q

What could cause changes in pH?

A

Very acidic diet, respiratory issues

42
Q

Carbon

A

Organic molecules found in the body contain carbon
Carbon is electroneutral- it neither gains nor loses electrons, can form molecules of various shapes (and therefore functions), all have specific functions in the body

43
Q

Macromolecules

A

polymers that are made up of several smaller, identical subunits called monomers

44
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Macromolecule formation involves dehydration synthesis
H from one monomer and OH from second molecule removed
Results- monomers form a covalent bond, water is released at the site of bond formation

45
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Macromolecule breakdown involves hydrolysis

Water is added to break covalent bonds between monomers

46
Q

Types of macromolecules (4)

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
47
Q

Carbohydrate monomer

A

monosaccharide. They can form disaccharides, polysaccharides

48
Q

Which carbohydrate molecules must be hydrolyzed to be used by cells?

A

Disaccharides and larger molecules must be hydrolyzed to be used by cells

49
Q

Carbohydrates molecular formula

A

Formula: CH2O

Ex- glucose is C6H12O6

50
Q

Major functions of carbohydrates (3)

A
  1. Fast and easy to use energy source
  2. Cell-cell interactions- carbohydrates attached to cell surface, used to communicate
  3. Structural (very small amount)
51
Q

Types of lipids (3)

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroid
52
Q

Triglycerides monomer

A

monomer is fatty acids and glycerol

53
Q

Types of triglycerides (4)

A
  1. Saturated
  2. Unsaturated
  3. Trans fat
  4. Omega 3 fatty acids
54
Q

Saturated triglycerides

A

contain only single covalent bonds, molecules packed closely together (fat found in meat products). Tend to be more solid in bloodstream and attach to other saturated fats, can block arteries over time

55
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides

A

contain one or more double covalent bonds, molecules more spread out (plant based oils)

56
Q

Trans fats

A

oil fats that have a H added at sites of double bonds (cookies, donuts). The worst fats

57
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids

A

oil fat found in cold water fish

Krill fish, fish oil capsules

58
Q

Triglyceride functions (3)

A

protection, insulation, fast and easily accessible energy storage

59
Q

Phospholipids

A

modified triglycerides with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
Fatty acid chains are hydrophobic
Phosphate head is hydrophilic

60
Q

Phospholipids function

A

used to build cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

61
Q

What is the most important steroid for life?

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

How is cholesterol ingested?

A

Ingested in eggs, meat, cheese

63
Q

What organ produces cholesterol?

A

The liver

64
Q

Major functions of cholesterol (2)

A
  1. structural component of cell membranes

2. “base” used by the body to form other steroids (steroid hormones- testosterone, estrogen, as well as corticosteroids)

65
Q

Protein monomer

A

Amino acids

66
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

Peptide bonds

67
Q

What determines protein function?

A

Sequence in which amino acids are ordered leads to large variety of protein functions, and the structure pf the protein itself will determine its function

68
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

form long strands that can link together to form long, stable structures
Provide mechanical support and tensile strength, some contractile ability, ex: collagen, muscle

69
Q

Globular proteins

A

compact, spherical shape
Chemically active
Transport molecules, immune defenses, regulation of growth and development, etc

70
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions
They have varying degrees of specificity- some only catalyze one reaction, others can catalyze multiple reactions

71
Q

What would happen without enzymes?

A

Without enzymes, most reactions in the body would either not occur or would occur too slowly to sustain life

72
Q

Nucleic acids monomer

A

Nucleotides

73
Q

DNA structure

A

Double stranded structure with pentose sugar deoxyribose
Bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C)
Replicates itself prior to cell division- all resulting cells carry same genetic information

74
Q

DNA function

A

stores genetic information in the form of genes (or genome) in the nucleus of the cell

75
Q

RNA structure

A

Single stranded structure with sugar ribose

Bases: adenine (A), Guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)

76
Q

RNA function

A

uses instructions from DNA for protein synthesis

77
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate is the energy transferring molecule of any body cell

78
Q

ATP structure

A

ATP has a triphosphate tail that has high bond energy
When 1 of the 3 phosphate tails is transferred to another molecule, that molecule temporarily has more energy to do work. While doing work, the molecule loses the phosphate group

79
Q

ATP can be replenished by

A

adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

80
Q

What would happen without ATP

A

chemical reactions stop, cell transport stops, muscles cannot contract, and death occurs

81
Q

What energy is used for ATP synthesis?

A

Energy released by glucose catabolism is used for ATP synthesis

82
Q

A cell will only produce the amount of energy it needs for

A

Its reactions. This saves energy and saves space

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (18 decks)

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