Chapter 8: Infant Nutrition

Question 1

Full-Term Infants

Answer 1

Infants born between 37 and 42 weeks gestation.

Question 2

Preterm Infants

Answer 2

Infants born before 37 weeks gestation.

Question 3

Infant Mortality

Answer 3

Death that occurs within the first year of life.

Question 4

Early Periodic Screening, Detection, and Treatment Program (EPSDT)

Answer 4

A part of Medicaid and provides routine checkups for low-income families.

Question 5

Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR)

Answer 5

Fetal under-growth from any cause, resulting in a disproportionality in weight, length, or weight-for-length, or weight-for-length percentiles for gestational age.

Question 6

Reflex

Answer 6

An automatic (unlearned) response that is triggered by a specific stimulus.

Question 7

Rooting Reflex

Answer 7

Action that occurs if one cheek is touched, resulting in the infant’s head turning toward that cheek and the infant opening it’s mouth.

Question 8

Suckle

Answer 8

A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward; earliest feeding skill.

Question 9

Sensorimotor

Answer 9

An early learning system in which the infant’s senses and motor skills provide input to the central nervous system.

Question 10

Short-Chain Fats

Answer 10

Carbon molecules that provide fatty acids less than 6 carbons long as products of energy generation from fat breakdown inside cells. Short-chain fatty acids are not usually found in foods.

Question 11

Medium-Chain Fats

Answer 11

Carbon molecules that provide fatty acids with 6-10 carbons, again not typically found in foods.

Question 12

Long-Chain Fats

Answer 12

Carbon molecules that provide fatty acids with 12 or more carbons, which are commonly found in foods.

Question 13

Mitochondria

Answer 13

Intracellular unit in which fatty acid breakdown takes place and many enzyme systems for energy production inside cells are regulated.

Question 14

Weaning

Answer 14

Discontinuation of breastfeeding or bottle-feeding and substitution of food for breast milk or infant formula. Should be completed around 12-24 months of age.

Question 15

Hypoallergenic

Answer 15

Foods or products that have a low risk of promoting food or other allergies.

Question 16

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Answer 16

Condition of inadequate weight or height gain thought to result from an energy deficit, whether or not the cause can be identified as a health problem.

Question 17

Developmental Disabilities

Answer 17

General term used to group specific diagnoses that limit daily living and functioning and occur before age 21.

Question 18

Colic

Answer 18

A condition marked by a sudden onset of irritability, fussiness, or crying in a young infant between 2 weeks and 3 months of age who is otherwise growing and healthy.

Question 19

Hydrolyzed Protein Formula

Answer 19

Formula that contains enzymatically digested protein, or single amino acids, rather than protein as it naturally occurs in food.

Question 20

Lactose

Answer 20

A form of sugar or carbohydrate composed of galactose and glucose.

Question 21

Galactosemia

Answer 21

A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism in which a blocked or inactive enzyme does not allow breakdown of galactose, causing serious illness in infant.

Question 22

Hypothyroidism

Answer 22

Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities, interfering with growth and mental development if untreated in infants.

Question 23

Motor Development

Answer 23

Muscle control and development happens head to toe and central to peripheral. Influences caloric need and ability to self feed.

Question 24

Formula

Answer 24

20 kcal/oz

Total amount of kcal needs divided by 20 equals the amount of ounces to give to infant

Question 25

Infant Energy Needs-First Year

Answer 25

1st 6 months: 108 kcal/kg

2nd 6 months: 98 kcal/kg

Question 26

Factors that Impact Energy Needs

Answer 26

Weight
Rate of growth
Sleep/wake cycles
Climate
Physical activity
Metabolic efficiency
Health

Question 27

Protein Needs in Infants

Answer 27

1st 6 months: 1.52 g/kg
2nd 6 months: 1.2 g/kg
Book and Review:
1st 6 months: 2.2 g/kg
2nd 6 months: 1.6 g/kg

Question 28

Fat Needs in Infants

Answer 28

55% fat with more short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids than formula

Question 29

Fluoride Needs in Infants

Answer 29

Needed for optimal tooth structure, but poorly transferred into HM

Question 30

Vitamin D Needs in Infants

Answer 30

10 mcg/day (400 IU) needed for bone development

Question 31

Sodium Needs in Infants

Answer 31

Infants are at risk for hyponatremia when rehydrating.

Question 32

Developmental Readiness for Solid Foods

Answer 32

4-6 months of age
Baby demonstrates interest in food
Can control head and sit upright with support
Tongue extrusion reflex should be diminishing

Question 33

Drinking from a Cup

Answer 33

Infants ready to try around 6-8 months

Water/other fluids needed to offset increase in RSL

Question 34

First Foods

Answer 34

Rice cereal with Fe made with water or HM. It’s hypoallergenic and easy to digest
Follow with other single grains
Then single ingredient fruits/veggies
Juice/water and meats at 6-9 months of age
Chopped table/finger food at 9-12 months

Question 35

Best Method for Introducing Foods

Answer 35

One new food at a time
Wait 2-3 days before trying the next new food
Some experts say wait to introduce wheat because it can sometimes be allergenic
Allow infant to dictate amount eaten; watch for cues that infant is finished eating
Do initiate solids by 6 months (important part of oral/motor development)

Question 36

Fluoride Supplement

Answer 36

Needed if infant is living in an area of non-fluoridated water or in exclusively HM fed infants after 4-6 months of age.

Question 37

Iron Supplement

Answer 37

May be needed if mother was anemic.

Question 38

Vitamin B12 Supplement

Answer 38

If mother is vegan.

Question 39

Vitamin D Supplement

Answer 39

Needed in HM fed infant unless sun exposure is common.

Question 40

Organic FTT

Answer 40

Medical reason can be found.

Question 41

Nonorganic FTT

Answer 41

No identifiable reason.

Question 42

Preterm Formula

Answer 42

Preterm specific amino acids are added. Higher nutrient density vs. term formula. Kcals usually 22-24 kcal/oz. MCT is the fat source. Higher protein, vitamins, and minerals than term formula.

Question 43

Transitional Formula

Answer 43

For going home until 6-9 months of age
22 kcals/oz
Neosure Advance and Enfamil Lipil 22