Chapter 4: Nutrition During Pregnancy I Flashcards
Liveborn Infant
A liveborn infant is the outcome of delivery when a completely expelled or extracted fetus breathes, or shows any sign of life such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the cord has been cut or the placenta is still attached.
Placenta
A disk-shaped organ of nutrient and gas interchange between mother and fetus. At term, the placenta weighs about 15 percent of the weight of the fetus.
Edema
Swelling (usually of the legs and feet, but can also extend throughout the body) due to an accumulation of extracellular fluid.
Steroid Hormones
Hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone produced primarily from cholesterol.
Glucogenic Amino Acids
Amino acids such as alanine and glutamate that can be converted to glucose.
Ketones
Metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids in energy formation, b-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone are the major ketones, or “ketone bodies”.
Amniotic Fluid
The fluid contained in the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus in the uterus.
Growth
Increase in an organism’s size through cell multiplication (hyperplasia) and enlargement of cell size (hypertrophy).
Development
Progression of the physical and mental capabilities of an organism through growth and differentiation of organs and tissues, and integration of functions.
Differentiation
Cellular acquisition of one or more characteristics or functions different from that of the original cells.
Critical Periods
Pre-programmed time periods during embryonic and fetal development when specific cells, organs, and tissues are formed and integrated, or functional levels established. Also called sensitive periods.
Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
Newborn weight is <10th percentile for gestational age. Also, called small for date (SFD).
Disproportionately Small for Gestational Age (dSGA)
Newborn weight is <10th percentile for weight for gestational age; length and head circumference are normal. Also called asymmetrical SGA.
Proportionately Small for Gestational Age (pSGA)
Newborn weight, length, and head circumference are <10th percentile for gestational age. Also called symmetrical SGA.
Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA)
Weight, length, and head circumference are between the 10th and 90th percentiles for gestational age.
Large for Gestational Age (LGA)
Weight for gestational age exceed the 90th percentile for gestational age. Also defined as birthweight greater than 4500g (10lb) and referred to as excessively sized for gestational age, or macrosomic.
Shoulder Dystocia
Blockage or difficulty of delivery due to obstruction of the birth canal by the infant’s shoulders.
Cerebral Palsy
A group of disorders characterized by impaired muscle activity and coordination present at birth or developed during early childhood.
Developmental Programming of Later Disease Risk
A process by which adverse nutritional and other exposures during critical periods of growth and development modify gene function. Such changes may predispose individuals to develop cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other disorders later in life. Also called fetal origins hypothesis, developmental programming, developmental origins of adult health and disease, and the “Barker hypothesis”.
Developmental Plasticity
The concept that development can be modified by particular environmental conditions experienced by a fetus or infant.
Epigenetic
Alterations in gene activity that do not change the structure of DNA. Gene activity can be shut off or turned on, or slowed or sped-up by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic mechanisms are affected by environmental factors.
Gravida
Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced.
Parity
The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman. Women who have delivered infants are considered to be “parous”.
Nulliparous
No previous deliveries
Primiparous
One previous delivery
Multiparous
Two or more previous deliveries
Eicosanoids
Molecules synthesized from essential fatty acids. They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation and immunity, and act as messengers in the central nervous system.
Gene Variants
An alteration in the normal coding sequence of a gene. The different forms of the same genes are considered “alleles”.