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Life Cycle > Chapter 10: Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Obesity Treatment in Young Children

A
  • Focus on a healthy family lifestyle.
  • “Grow into wt” can be good advice.
  • Avoid overemphasis on weight.
  • Treatment warranted when complications related to obesity exist.
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2
Q

Obesity

A

BMIFA greater than or equal to the 95th percentile.

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2
Q

Toddler Development: Appetite/Intake

A

Reduced appetite vs. infancy; snacks should be nutrient dense and planned to avoid displacement of valuable nutrients; increase in self-feeding.

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2
Q

Calcium Intake in Young Children

A

Vital for bone mass accrual, weight management, BP control and more.

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3
Q

Toddler Development: Cognitive

A

Sense of self develops, onset of fears, rituals and imitation common, great deal of language development; solitary play.

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4
Q

Age 1-3: 30-40%

Age 4 & up: 25-35%

In cases of documented hyperlipidemia or familial heart disease, TLC guidelines can be used with caution.

A

Recommended Fat Intake for Young Children

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5
Q

Growth Velocity

A

The rate of growth over time.

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5
Q

Further solidification of toddler skills.

A

Preschooler Development: Milestones

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5
Q

Trend for decreased appetite (growth spurts occur, though); Ideal time to involve child in food selection and prep.

A

Preschooler Development: Feeding

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6
Q

Iron Needs in Young Children

A

Age 1-3: 7 mg/day

Age 4-8: 10 mg/day

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6
Q

Vitamin Supplementation

A

Children likely to benefit from supplements are the least likely to receive them. Avoid >100% DRI.

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7
Q

Preschooler Development: Cognitive

A

Internal behavior control; magical and egocentric thought; cooperative play; speech in complete sentences with dramatic increase in vocabulary.

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9
Q

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

A

A serious, sometimes fatal complication associated with illness caused by E. coli, which occurs primarily in children under the age of 10 years. HUS is characterized by renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and a severe decrease in platelet count.

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10
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Development and use of smaller muscle groups demonstrated by:

  • Stacking objects
  • Scribbling
  • Copying a circle or square.
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10
Q

Preschooler Development: Energy Regulation

A

Caloric intake controlled by internal cues, but health behaviors must be learned.

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10
Q

Familiar foods can be comforting; child may use food as a means of control; preferences for plain (vs. mixed) foods and possibly bland foods.

A

Preschooler Development: Food Intake

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11
Q

Protein Needs in Young Children

A

Age 1-3: 1.1 g/kg/day

Age 4-8: .95 g/kg/day

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13
Q

Macrobiotic Diet

A

This diet falls between semi-vegetarian and vegan diets and includes foods such as brown rice, other grains, vegetables, fruits, dried beans, and spices.

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14
Q

Gains in fine/gross motor skills, independence and language.

A

Toddler Hallmarks

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15
Q

Fluoride Sources

A
  • Tap water
  • Some bottled water
  • Some toothpastes
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15
Q

Lead Poisoning

A

Affects about 2% of children age 1-5 and causes adverse changes in the brain, blood, kidneys, IQ, and growth. Sources of lead are: lead-based paint, lead-soldered water pipes, eating dirt, and iron deficiency can increase the absorption of lead.

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15
Q

Age 1-3: 19 g/day

Age 4-8: 25 g/day

Caution- excessive fiber may cause diarrhea, lead to inadequate kcal intake, or reduce mineral bioavailability.

A

Fiber Needs in Young Children

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17
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Development and use of large muscle groups as exhibited by:

  • Walking alone
  • Running
  • Walking up stairs
  • Riding a tricycle
  • Hopping
  • Skipping.
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17
Q

Adiposity or BMI Rebound

A

A normal increase in BMI that occurs after BMI declines and reaches to its lowest point at 4 to 6 years of age. Early adiposity rebound associated with increased risk for obesity in adulthood.

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17
Q

Reduced appetite vs. infancy; snacks should be nutrient dense and planned to avoid displacement of valuable nutrients; increase in self-feeding.

A

Toddler Development: Appetite/Intake

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19
Q

Recumbent Length

A

Measurement of length while the child is lying down. Recumbent length is used to measure toddlers

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20
Q

Age 12-35 mths:

(89 x wt - 100) + 20 kcals (for energy deposition)

Age 3-5 years:

Calculation that includes gender, age, ht, wt, and physical activity.

A

Energy Needs in Young Children

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21
Q

Recommended Fat Intake for Young Children

A

Age 1-3: 30-40%

Age 4 & up: 25-35%

In cases of documented hyperlipidemia or familial heart disease, TLC guidelines can be used with caution.

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21
Q

Age 1-3: 1.1 g/kg/day

Age 4-8: .95 g/kg/day

A

Protein Needs in Young Children

23
Q

Preloads

A

Beverages or food such as yogurt in which the energy/macronutrient content has been varied by the use of various carbohydrate and fat sources. The preload is given before a meal or snack and subsequent intake is monitored.

23
Q

Fluorosis

A

Permanent white or brownish staining of the enamel of teeth caused by excessive ingestion of fluoride before teeth have erupted.

24
Q

Energy Needs in Young Children

A

Age 12-35 mths:

(89 x wt - 100) + 20 kcals (for energy deposition)

Age 3-5 years:

Calculation that includes gender, age, ht, wt, and physical activity.

25
Q

Sense of self develops, onset of fears, rituals and imitation common, great deal of language development; solitary play.

A

Toddler Development: Cognitive

26
Q

Caloric intake controlled by internal cues, but health behaviors must be learned.

A

Preschooler Development: Energy Regulation

27
Q

Internal behavior control; magical and egocentric thought; cooperative play; speech in complete sentences with dramatic increase in vocabulary.

A

Preschooler Development: Cognitive

28
Q

Young children that are more likely to have iron deficiency anemia:

A

Low SES <130% of poverty and African American and Mexican American kids.

29
Q

Preschooler Development: Food Intake

A

Familiar foods can be comforting; child may use food as a means of control; preferences for plain (vs. mixed) foods and possibly bland foods.

30
Q

Stature

A

Standing height.

31
Q

Walking, other gross motor skills refined; no understanding of safety vs. danger.

A

Toddler Development: Milestones

32
Q

Weaning usually complete during this stage; chopped soft table food can be eaten; beginning to use utensils; choking risk is high; onset of food jags.

A

Toddler Development: Feeding Skills/Behaviors

34
Q

Toddlers

A

Children between the ages of 1 and 3 years.

34
Q

Foods that offer protection against dental caries:

A
  • Milk and Cheese: casein, Ca++, PO4-
  • Unrefined Plant Foods: PO4-, phytates
  • Green and Black Teas
35
Q

Age 1-3: 3 mg/day

Age 4-8: 5 mg/day

A

Zinc Needs in Young Children

36
Q

Gains in autonomy, language, behavior and behavior control. Their social circle expands.

A

Preschooler Hallmarks

37
Q

Ellyn Satter Pearls

A
  • Keep meals, snacks, and the eating environment safe
  • Meals should be pleasant and relatively free of distractions
  • Avoid the “clean your plate” mentality
  • Meal time is a time for learning social skills
38
Q

Preschooler

A

Age 3-5 years; not in kindergarten.

40
Q

Division of Responsibility

A

Developed by Ellyn Satter, a dietitian, social worker, and well-known infant/child/family nutrition advisor. “Division” basics is that the parent is responsible for the “what, when and where” of meals and snacks. Child is responsible for the “how much and whether or not” of meals and snacks.

40
Q

Preschooler Hallmarks

A

Gains in autonomy, language, behavior and behavior control. Their social circle expands.

41
Q

Dental Caries Prevention

A
  • Avoid behavior that promotes BBTD
  • Sticky sweats in moderation
  • Good oral hygiene and dental care
  • Defined meals/snacks vs. grazing
43
Q

Food Insecurity

A

“Regular” food insecurity experiences in children linked to behavior problems, as well as academic and emotional troubles.

44
Q

Preschooler Development: Feeding

A

Trend for decreased appetite (growth spurts occur, though); Ideal time to involve child in food selection and prep.

45
Q

Age 1-3: 7 mg/day

Age 4-8: 10 mg/day

A

Iron Needs in Young Children

47
Q

Toddler Development: Feeding Skills/Behaviors

A

Weaning usually complete during this stage; chopped soft table food can be eaten; beginning to use utensils; choking risk is high; onset of food jags.

49
Q

Fiber Needs in Young Children

A

Age 1-3: 19 g/day

Age 4-8: 25 g/day

Caution- excessive fiber may cause diarrhea, lead to inadequate kcal intake, or reduce mineral bioavailability.

50
Q

Age 1-3: 700 mg/day

Age 4-8: 1,000 mg/day

A

Calcium Needs in Young Children

52
Q

Fluoride

A

Needed for healthy tooth enamel. If too little, the result is increase in tooth decay. If too much, result is fluorosis which is permanent tooth enamel staining. Supplements by prescription only. Indicated when water supply is not fluoridated. Screen carefully to assess need and be aware of all fluoride sources.

54
Q

Toddler Hallmarks

A

Gains in fine/gross motor skills, independence and language.

55
Q

Early Childhood Caries

A

The presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months (~6 years) of age or younger.

56
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment in Young Children

A

Iron drops (3 mg/kg/day) and dietary counseling. Follow-up and further testing.

57
Q

Overweight

A

BMIFA between the 85th and 94th percentiles.

58
Q

Preschooler Development: Milestones

A

Further solidification of toddler skills.

60
Q

Preschool-Age Children

A

Children between the ages of 3 and 5 years who are not yet attending kindergarten.

62
Q

Calcium Needs in Young Children

A

Age 1-3: 700 mg/day

Age 4-8: 1,000 mg/day

64
Q

Preventing Iron Deficiency in Young Children

A

Counsel parents on appropriate milk intake & early detection of low iron levels.

65
Q

Zinc Needs in Young Children

A

Age 1-3: 3 mg/day

Age 4-8: 5 mg/day

66
Q

Toddler Development: Milestones

A

Walking, other gross motor skills refined; no understanding of safety vs. danger.

67
Q

Toddler Serving

A

1 tablespoon of each food per age in years of the child.

68
Q

CVD

A

Initiation/progression of CVD may begin in early childhood. Children at risk for dyslipidemia: kids with familial hyperlipidemia, who are obese, and who eat an atherogenic diet.

69
Q

Iron Intake in Young Children

A

Often deficient in children because of rapid growth and a diet poor in iron.

70
Q

Physical Activity Recommendations for Young Children

A

60 minutes per day of active play. Parental involvement and careful supervision of sedentary activities.

71
Q

Vegetarianism

A

As long as the caregivers are educated, children can thrive. Nutrients of concern are B12, vitamin D, Ca, n-3 fatty acids, and possibly iron and zinc.

Life Cycle (11 decks)

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