Chapter 8 - Individual and Group Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Social influence

A

how people change their behaviour or attitudes due to the direct or indirect influence of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Group

A

two or more people who interact with and influence one another and work towards a common goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Collective

A

a collection of people who exert minimal influence on each other and don’t interact with every other person in the collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Status

A

the level of importance (real or imagined) that group members perceive regarding another group member’s position in that group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Power

A

an individual’s ability to control or strongly influence the thoughts,
feelings and behaviour of another person or group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role

A

the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences how they function or act in different situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Groupthink

A

when group members’ desire to maintain group loyalty becomes more important than making the best choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Group shift

A

when discussion leads a group to adopt attitudes or actions that are more extreme than the initial attitudes or actions of the individual group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deindividuation

A

when people act a certain way because of the anonymity (loss of identity) that a group provides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Culture

A

the many characteristics of a group of people, including their attitudes, behaviours, customs and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

cultures that emphasise the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of each individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Individualist cultures

A

cultures that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Obedience

A

the act of people changing their behaviour in response
to direct commands from an authority figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Confederate

A

in an experiment, someone who is part of the team of experimenters but pretends to be the subject of the experiment (or neutral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Social proximity

A

in the field of psychology, how physically close one or more people are to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Legitimacy of the authority figure

A

a concept referring to an authority figure who has a higher position or
status in a social hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Group pressure

A

an occurrence in which other members reveal whether they are obedient to the authority figure or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conformity

A

the process by which people modify their ideas, attitudes, behaviours or perceptions to more closely reflect those held by groups to which they belong or aspire to belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Normative influence

A

the occurrence in which we conform with others because we want to
be liked by them – and we assume that our conformity will make them like us more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Informational influence

A

an occurrence in which a person conforms because they want to be right, so they look
to others they believe might have more information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unanimity

A

the complete agreement that group members experience in terms of knowing the answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Group size

A

the number of individuals within a group; increase in group size can correspond to a rise in conformity (but only up to a point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social loafing

A

a person’s tendency to reduce their effort when working in a group, as opposed to when working alone

24
Q

Media

A

the various broadcasting mediums, such as the internet, newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards and smartphones

25
Q

Advertising

A

the activity and industry
of creating messages and using different psychological techniques to promote or sell a product, service or idea

26
Q

Television (TV)

A

a telecommunication medium used to transmit moving images in black and white or in colour, with sound

27
Q

Video game

A

an electronic game that
involves a person interacting with a user interface or input device (e.g. a joystick,
controller, keyboard or
motion-sensing device) to generate visual and auditory feedback

28
Q

News

A

information about current events

29
Q

Social media

A

internet-based technology, accessible on devices including smartphones, smartwatches, tablets and computers, that facilitates the sharing of
ideas, thoughts and information through virtual networks and communities

30
Q

Social connections

A

the relationships that individuals have with the people around them

31
Q

Social comparison

A

a behaviour in which we
compare certain aspects of ourselves – such as our behaviour, opinions, status and success – to other people to assess ourselves better

32
Q

Upward social comparison

A

a behaviour in which we
compare ourselves to
someone we perceive to be better than we are

33
Q

Downward social comparison

A

a behaviour in which we
compare ourselves to someone we perceive to be worse than we are

34
Q

Fear of missing out (FOMO)

A

the extreme fear of not being included in or missing a social event

35
Q

Addiction

A

the state in which a person feels an uncontrolled motivation to perform certain behaviours (e.g. online behaviours) and devotes so much time and effort to these behaviours that it impairs their other important life areas

36
Q

Dopamine

A

a naturally
occurring ‘feel-good’ chemical that motivates
us to do what we think will bring us pleasure

37
Q

Information access

A

the ability to identify,
retrieve and use information effectively

38
Q

Non-conformity

A

any behaviour that is not conformity

39
Q

Independence

A

a situation in which a person perceives group pressure but doesn’t respond to it at either the public or private level

40
Q

Anti-conformity

A

deliberate behaviour that acts against the position of one or more people

41
Q

Deviate

A

in Asch’s 1951 experiment, a group member who took the
opposing view to the group’s general opinion

42
Q

Modal

A

in Asch’s 1951 experiment, a group member who took the
view that conformed to the average of the real participants

43
Q

Slider

A

in Asch’s 1951 experiment, a group member who initially took the same view as the deviate but then changed to the view of the modal participant

44
Q

Psychological reactance

A

an unpleasant motivational arousal that emerges when people experience a threat to or loss of their free behaviours

45
Q

Uniqueness

A

a person’s distinctiveness in relation to other people

46
Q

The need for uniqueness

A

a psychological state in which individuals feel indistinguishable from others, which motivates
compensatory acts to restore a sense of uniqueness

47
Q

Social impact theory

A

a theory suggesting that the degree of influence that a person experiences in group settings depends on three factors: the group’s strength, the group’s immediacy and the number of people in the group who are exerting the social influence

48
Q

Trans-situational strength

A

characteristics that group members hold that give them a higher level of status and power

49
Q

Situational strength

A

roles that group members play that give them a higher level of status and power

50
Q

Immediacy

A

the physical, temporal and social closeness between the influencing
group members and the individual being influenced

51
Q

Coercive power

A

A person or agency has the ability to punish.

52
Q

Expert power

A

A person or agency has specialist knowledge and skills

53
Q

Informational power

A

A person or agency has useful information that isn’t readily available elsewhere

54
Q

Legitimate power

A

A person or agency with a formally recognised position in an organisation to exert rights over others and prescribe behaviour in others.

55
Q

Referent power

A

A person or agency has the quality of being idolised or adored as a role model.

56
Q

Reward power

A

A person or agency has the ability to reward behaviour positively or by removing negative effects.