Chapter 1 - Scientific Investigation Planning, Ethics and Safety Flashcards

1
Q

Investigation aim

A

the purpose of a study

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2
Q

Investigation question

A

the question that is to be solved by a study

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

an idea or explanation for something that
is based on known facts but has not yet
been proven

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

the variable that is being manipulated
(controlled, selected or changed) by the
researcher

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5
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable that is being measured by the researcher

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6
Q

Extraneous variable

A

a variable other than the independent
variable that may have an unwanted
effect on the dependent variable and results of an investigation

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7
Q

Controlled variable

A

a variable that is held constant to ensure that the only influence on the dependent variable is the independent variable

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8
Q

Confounding variable

A

an unwanted variable that has affected the results of an investigation

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9
Q

Population

A

the wider group of people that a study is investigating

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10
Q

Sample

A

the smaller group of people selected from the population who will be participants in the investigation

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11
Q

Sampling technique

A

involves procedures
for selecting participants from the population

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12
Q

Random sampling

A

selecting participants from the population in a way that means each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

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13
Q

Stratified sampling

A

first dividing the population into subgroups, and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup in the proportion that they appear in the population

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14
Q

Investigation methodology

A

the particular type of research study

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15
Q

Allocation

A

dividing a sample into
groups in an investigation

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16
Q

Random allocation

A

dividing a sample into
groups in such a way that each participant
has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental
group or the control group

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17
Q

Experimental group

A

the group that is exposed to the independent variable and receives the experimental treatment

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18
Q

Control group

A

the group that forms a baseline level to compare the experimental group with

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19
Q

Investigation design

A

a framework that determines how participants experience the experimental and control conditions

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20
Q

Between subjects design

A

an investigation design in which participants are randomly allocated to
either the control or the experimental condition

21
Q

Within subjects design

A

an investigation design in which all participants in the sample are involved
in both the experimental and control conditions

22
Q

Mixed design

A

an investigation design that combines
elements of a between subjects design and a within subjects design

23
Q

Case study

A

an investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical
situation and includes real-world complexities

24
Q

Classification and identification

A

a type of investigation
that involves arranging phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets, and recognising phenomena as belonging to a particular set or part of a new or unique set

25
Correlational study
an investigation that involves planned observation and recording of events and behaviours that have not been manipulated or controlled to understand the relationships or associations existing between variables, to identify which factors may be of greater importance, and to make predictions
26
Fieldwork
a type of investigation that involves collecting information through observing and interacting with a selected environment
27
Literature review
a type of investigation that involves collating and analysing secondary data findings and viewpoints
28
Secondary data
data obtained second hand through research conducted by another person for another purpose
29
Primary data
data collected through firsthand research for an intended purpose
30
Modelling
a type of investigation in which a physical or conceptual model is constructed and/or manipulated to simulate a system
31
Simulation
a type of investigation that uses a model to replicate and study the behaviour of a system
32
Product, process and system development
a type of investigation in which a product, a process or a system is designed to meet a human need
33
Ethical concept
general ethical considerations used to analyse the ethical and moral conduct surrounding psychological issues and psychological investigations
34
Integrity
an ethical concept involving the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results
35
Justice
an ethical concept involving fair consideration of competing claims, no unfair burden on a particular group, and fair access to benefits of an action
36
Beneficence
an ethical concept involving the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms
37
Non-maleficence
an ethical concept involving the avoidance of causing harm
38
Respect
an ethical concept involving the consideration of the value of living things, giving due regard, and consideration of the capacity of living things to make their own decisions
39
Ethical guidelines
guidelines that ensure the protection and welfare of all participants in research
40
Confidentiality
an ethical guideline that ensures participants remain anonymous, and their personal information is kept private, protected and secure throughout the study
41
Voluntary participation
an ethical guideline ensuring that each participant freely agrees to participate in a study, with no pressure or coercion
42
Informed consent procedures
an ethical guideline conducted before a study begins – participants agree to participate after they have received all the details of the study, including the purpose, procedures and potential risks
43
Withdrawal rights
an ethical guideline that ensures the participants are free to discontinue their involvement in a study at any point during or after the conclusion of the study, without receiving any penalty
44
Deception in research
an ethical guideline involving withholding the true nature of the study from participants, when their knowledge of the true purpose may affect their behaviour and subsequent validity of the investigation
45
Debriefing
an ethical guideline involving provision of information to participants at the end of the study, including the true aims, results and conclusions, and answering any questions, clarifying misunderstandings or deception, and providing support to ensure no lasting harm
46
Occupational health and safety (OHS)
issues of health, safety and welfare that must be protected in a workplace
47
Risk assessment
a process involving the consideration, identification and reduction of physical and psychological risk
48
Safety data sheet (SDS)
a document that provides all the important information about a substance, such as its ingredients, precautionary statements and first aid measures