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Cambridge Senior Science - Psychology VCE Units 1 & 2 > Chapter 7 - Social Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Social cognition

A

how we judge others in social situations by interpreting and analysing information

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2
Q

Cognitive bias

A

a systematic error in thinking generally due to oversimplifying the information available

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3
Q

Bias

A

a disproportionate weight in favour of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial or unfair often leading to error

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4
Q

Person perception

A

the mental processes we use to form our impressions of other people

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5
Q

Schema

A

our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that help us organise and interpret new information

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6
Q

Physical cues

A

the physical characteristics and behaviours of people that influence our impressions of them

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7
Q

Halo effect

A

a cognitive bias in which
one impression of a person influences our
belief about their other
qualities

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8
Q

Body language

A

non-verbal communication in which physical behaviour and movement rather than words are used to express or deliver a certain message

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9
Q

Salient

A

a descriptor for anything that is prominent, conspicuous
or otherwise noticeable when compared to its surroundings

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10
Q

Social categorisation

A

a mental shortcut used
in person perception
to categorise people into groups based on their shared characteristics

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11
Q

Attributions

A

inferences that we make about the causes of events and behaviours (both our own and those of others)

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12
Q

Personal attributions

A

explanations of a person’s behaviour
based on their characteristics, such as
their ability, personality or energy

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13
Q

Situational attributions

A

explanations of a person’s behaviour based on factors outside the person involved, such as luck or
something in the environment, in the task or in the actions of another person

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14
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overemphasise personal characteristics
and ignore situational
factors when judging the behaviour of other people

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15
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

a cognitive bias in which
people believe that the world is fair or just, and
that everyone gets what they deserve

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16
Q

Actor–observer bias

A

the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational
(external) causes, but to
attribute the behaviour of others to their internal factors

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17
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors, and our failures to external
factors

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18
Q

Attitude

A

an evaluation that a person makes about
other people, objects, issues or any other thing

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19
Q

Tri-component model of attitudes

A

a model proposing
that attitudes must have three related
components – affective,
behavioural and cognitive

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20
Q

Affective component

A

the emotional component of attitudes,
involving how you feel about people, objects,
places, events or ideas

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21
Q

Behavioural component

A

the action component
of attitudes, involving what you do (or do
not do) as an expression of your attitude

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22
Q

Cognitive component

A

the mental component
of attitudes, involving the beliefs or thoughts that you have about people, objects, places, events or ideas

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23
Q

Stereotype

A

a collection of fixed ideas about members
of a certain group in which their individual
differences are ignored

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24
Q

Stereotyping

A

the process of creating
stereotypes and matching people to them

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25
Q

Stigma

A

negative attitudes about someone
based on a distinguishing characteristic (e.g. mental illness, disability, gender, sexuality, race, religion or culture)

26
Q

Ingroup

A

any group that a person belongs to or identifies with

27
Q

Outgroup

A

any group that a person does not belong to or identify with

28
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the discomfort that people experience when they have conflicting beliefs or when their behaviours
contradict their beliefs

29
Q

Anchoring bias

A

the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information that we learn when we make decisions

30
Q

Attentional bias

A

our tendency to pay attention to some things and ignore others, thereby limiting our options

31
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to seek, favour or remember
information that supports an existing
belief rather than contrary information

32
Q

False-consensus bias

A

the tendency to overestimate how much
others share our opinions or beliefs

33
Q

Functional
fixedness

A

a cognitive bias involving the tendency to regard objects as only having one function or as working in a specific way

34
Q

Misinformation effect

A

a cognitive bias in which information that is received after an event interferes with a person’s original memory of the event

35
Q

Optimism bias

A

our tendency to underestimate the chances of negative events happening and
overestimate the chances of positive events happening

36
Q

Dunning–Kruger effect

A

a cognitive bias in which people with low skills
or ability in a specific area overestimate their abilities and performance, while people with high skills or ability underestimate
their abilities and performance

37
Q

Heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick decisions on limited information

38
Q

Cognitive load

A

the amount of information that our working memory can hold at any given time

39
Q

Availability heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that
uses the first thoughts that come to a person’s mind when they are evaluating an issue or deciding what to do

40
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that estimates the probability of an event occurring by comparing its similarity to a prototype that we know

41
Q

Prototype

A

what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a specific event or object

42
Q

Affect heuristic

A

a mental shortcut based on a person’s current emotional state

43
Q

Affect

A

an emotional response (in the field of psychology)

44
Q

Prejudice

A

the negative attitude people possess towards individuals based only on their membership of a group

45
Q

Discrimination

A

a negative behaviour directed towards a specific group or individual of the group based only on their membership of the group

46
Q

Old-fashioned prejudice

A

deliberate and overt prejudice

47
Q

Modern prejudice

A

a more subtle form of
prejudice that insinuates rejection while displaying acceptance

48
Q

Direct discrimination

A

the unfavourable treatment of a person due to a personal characteristic protected by law (e.g. age, sex, marital status or sexual orientation)

49
Q

Indirect discrimination

A

when the same treatment is applied to
everyone, but it disadvantages someone due to a personal characteristic

50
Q

Intersectional discrimination

A

when several forms of
discrimination combine to leave a certain group
or groups at an even greater disadvantage

51
Q

Sexism

A

a type of prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s sex or gender

52
Q

Racism

A

a type of prejudice or
discrimination based on a person’s race or ethnicity

53
Q

Ageism

A

a type of prejudice or
discrimination based on a person’s age

54
Q

Homophobia

A

a type of prejudice or
discrimination based on a person’s sexual orientation

55
Q

Inter-group contact

A

a concept proposing that for prejudice between groups to be reduced, there must be
more direct contact between the groups’
members (i.e. the groups must spend more time together)

56
Q

Sustained contact

A

prolonged and cooperative interaction between two groups who are prejudiced against each other

57
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

Gordon Allport’s hypothesis stating that social contact between social groups is enough to reduce inter-group prejudice

58
Q

Mutual interdependence

A

when two groups must depend somehow on one another to meet a goal

59
Q

Equality

A

the state of being on the same level as one another, with neither
group having more or less status or power than the other

60
Q

Superordinate goals

A

the top-level, ultimate goals shared between groups or individuals
that cannot be achieved alone or without the other person or group

61
Q

Social norms

A

shared standards or social beliefs about what is normal, acceptable or typical behaviour

62
Q

Extended-contact hypothesis

A

the idea that when members of an ingroup
see that one of their own has a close relationship with an outgroup member, it can lead to more positive attitudes towards that outgroup

Cambridge Senior Science - Psychology VCE Units 1 & 2 (9 decks)

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