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Cambridge Senior Science - Psychology VCE Units 1 & 2 > Chapter 7 - Social Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Social cognition

A

how we judge others in social situations by interpreting and analysing information

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2
Q

Cognitive bias

A

a systematic error in thinking generally due to oversimplifying the information available

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3
Q

Bias

A

a disproportionate weight in favour of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial or unfair often leading to error

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4
Q

Person perception

A

the mental processes we use to form our impressions of other people

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5
Q

Schema

A

our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that help us organise and interpret new information

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6
Q

Physical cues

A

the physical characteristics and behaviours of people that influence our impressions of them

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7
Q

Halo effect

A

a cognitive bias in which
one impression of a person influences our
belief about their other
qualities

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8
Q

Body language

A

non-verbal communication in which physical behaviour and movement rather than words are used to express or deliver a certain message

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9
Q

Salient

A

a descriptor for anything that is prominent, conspicuous
or otherwise noticeable when compared to its surroundings

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10
Q

Social categorisation

A

a mental shortcut used
in person perception
to categorise people into groups based on their shared characteristics

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11
Q

Attributions

A

inferences that we make about the causes of events and behaviours (both our own and those of others)

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12
Q

Personal attributions

A

explanations of a person’s behaviour
based on their characteristics, such as
their ability, personality or energy

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13
Q

Situational attributions

A

explanations of a person’s behaviour based on factors outside the person involved, such as luck or
something in the environment, in the task or in the actions of another person

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14
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overemphasise personal characteristics
and ignore situational
factors when judging the behaviour of other people

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15
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

a cognitive bias in which
people believe that the world is fair or just, and
that everyone gets what they deserve

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16
Q

Actor–observer bias

A

the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational
(external) causes, but to
attribute the behaviour of others to their internal factors

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17
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors, and our failures to external
factors

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18
Q

Attitude

A

an evaluation that a person makes about
other people, objects, issues or any other thing

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19
Q

Tri-component model of attitudes

A

a model proposing
that attitudes must have three related
components – affective,
behavioural and cognitive

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20
Q

Affective component

A

the emotional component of attitudes,
involving how you feel about people, objects,
places, events or ideas

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21
Q

Behavioural component

A

the action component
of attitudes, involving what you do (or do
not do) as an expression of your attitude

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22
Q

Cognitive component

A

the mental component
of attitudes, involving the beliefs or thoughts that you have about people, objects, places, events or ideas

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23
Q

Stereotype

A

a collection of fixed ideas about members
of a certain group in which their individual
differences are ignored

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24
Q

Stereotyping

A

the process of creating
stereotypes and matching people to them

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25
Stigma
negative attitudes about someone based on a distinguishing characteristic (e.g. mental illness, disability, gender, sexuality, race, religion or culture)
26
Ingroup
any group that a person belongs to or identifies with
27
Outgroup
any group that a person does not belong to or identify with
28
Cognitive dissonance
the discomfort that people experience when they have conflicting beliefs or when their behaviours contradict their beliefs
29
Anchoring bias
the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information that we learn when we make decisions
30
Attentional bias
our tendency to pay attention to some things and ignore others, thereby limiting our options
31
Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek, favour or remember information that supports an existing belief rather than contrary information
32
False-consensus bias
the tendency to overestimate how much others share our opinions or beliefs
33
Functional fixedness
a cognitive bias involving the tendency to regard objects as only having one function or as working in a specific way
34
Misinformation effect
a cognitive bias in which information that is received after an event interferes with a person’s original memory of the event
35
Optimism bias
our tendency to underestimate the chances of negative events happening and overestimate the chances of positive events happening
36
Dunning–Kruger effect
a cognitive bias in which people with low skills or ability in a specific area overestimate their abilities and performance, while people with high skills or ability underestimate their abilities and performance
37
Heuristics
mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick decisions on limited information
38
Cognitive load
the amount of information that our working memory can hold at any given time
39
Availability heuristic
a mental shortcut that uses the first thoughts that come to a person’s mind when they are evaluating an issue or deciding what to do
40
Representativeness heuristic
a mental shortcut that estimates the probability of an event occurring by comparing its similarity to a prototype that we know
41
Prototype
what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a specific event or object
42
Affect heuristic
a mental shortcut based on a person’s current emotional state
43
Affect
an emotional response (in the field of psychology)
44
Prejudice
the negative attitude people possess towards individuals based only on their membership of a group
45
Discrimination
a negative behaviour directed towards a specific group or individual of the group based only on their membership of the group
46
Old-fashioned prejudice
deliberate and overt prejudice
47
Modern prejudice
a more subtle form of prejudice that insinuates rejection while displaying acceptance
48
Direct discrimination
the unfavourable treatment of a person due to a personal characteristic protected by law (e.g. age, sex, marital status or sexual orientation)
49
Indirect discrimination
when the same treatment is applied to everyone, but it disadvantages someone due to a personal characteristic
50
Intersectional discrimination
when several forms of discrimination combine to leave a certain group or groups at an even greater disadvantage
51
Sexism
a type of prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s sex or gender
52
Racism
a type of prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s race or ethnicity
53
Ageism
a type of prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s age
54
Homophobia
a type of prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s sexual orientation
55
Inter-group contact
a concept proposing that for prejudice between groups to be reduced, there must be more direct contact between the groups’ members (i.e. the groups must spend more time together)
56
Sustained contact
prolonged and cooperative interaction between two groups who are prejudiced against each other
57
Contact hypothesis
Gordon Allport's hypothesis stating that social contact between social groups is enough to reduce inter-group prejudice
58
Mutual interdependence
when two groups must depend somehow on one another to meet a goal
59
Equality
the state of being on the same level as one another, with neither group having more or less status or power than the other
60
Superordinate goals
the top-level, ultimate goals shared between groups or individuals that cannot be achieved alone or without the other person or group
61
Social norms
shared standards or social beliefs about what is normal, acceptable or typical behaviour
62
Extended-contact hypothesis
the idea that when members of an ingroup see that one of their own has a close relationship with an outgroup member, it can lead to more positive attitudes towards that outgroup

Cambridge Senior Science - Psychology VCE Units 1 & 2 (9 decks)

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