Chapter -8 Higher Level Thinking

Question 1

Higher level thinking

Answer 1

Higher order thinking refers to a more advanced level of thoughts than that used to acquire factual knowledge.

Question 2

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 2

Analysis ( analytical thinking)- Breaking down information to identify it’s essential parts and underlying elements.

Question 3

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 3

Synthesis [integrative thinking)- breaking up ideas by connecting them to form a larger whole or more comprehensive system

Question 4

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 4

Application or applied thinking- putting thinking into practice to solve problems and resolve issues

Question 5

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 5

Multidimensional thinking – viewing issues from a variety of vantage points to gain a more complete or comprehensive perspective
It includes:
Perspective of person ( self)
Perspective of place
Perspective of time
Perspective of culture.

Question 6

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 6

Balanced thinking – carefully considering arguments for and against a particular position or viewpoint

Question 7

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 7

Critical thinking or evaluation – judging the quality of arguments, conclusions and thought processes – including all forms of thinking on this list

Question 8

7 major forms of higher level thinking

Answer 8

Creative thinking – generating ideas that are unique, original or distinctively different

Question 9

Definitive evidence

Answer 9

So strong or compelling that a definite conclusion should be reached.

Question 10

Suggestive evidence

Answer 10

Strong enough to suggest that a tentative or possible conclusion may be reached.

Question 11

Inconclusive evidence

Answer 11

Too weak to reach any conclusion.

Question 12

Standards for evaluating ideas or arguments ( critical thinking)

Answer 12

Validity- truthfulness. Is it true or accurate?
Morality- ethics. Is it fair or just?
Beauty- aesthetics. Does it have artistic merit or value?
Practicality- usefulness. Can it be put to use for practical or beneficial purpose?
Priority- order of importance or effectiveness. Is it better than other ideas and alternative courses of action?

Question 13

2 major ways in which we use inferential reasoning to make Armand reach conclusions are

Answer 13

Logical reasoning 
Citing empirical ( observable) evidence .

Question 14

Logical reasoning

Answer 14

Reaching a conclusion by showing that it logically follows from or is logically consistent with an established premise.
Example: if statement A is true , then it can be concluded that statement B is also true.

Question 15

empirical ( observable) evidence .

Answer 15

Reaching a conclusion by showing that it is supported by statistical data or scientific research findings.
Example: based on evidence A, it can be concluded that B is true.

Question 16

Logical fallacies

Answer 16

Inferential reasoning errors.

Question 17

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 17

Non sequitur- drawing a conclusion that doesn’t follow form Or connect with the premise -initial statement or observation

Question 18

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 18

Selective perception- Seeing only examples and instances that support one’s position while over looking those that contradict it.

Question 19

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 19

Dogmatism- stubbornly clinging to a personal point of view supported by evidence while remaining close minded to other viewpoints better supported by evidence

Question 20

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 20

Double standards- having two sets of judgment standards a higher standard for judging others a lower standard for judging yourself

Question 21

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 21

Wishful thinking – thinking something is true not because of logical evidence, but because the person wants it to be true

Question 22

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 22

Hasty generalization- reaching a conclusion prematurely on the basis of a limited number of instances or expedience

Question 23

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 23

Jumping in conclusion – making a leap of logic to a conclusion that is based on a single reason while ignoring other possible reasons or contributing factors

Question 24

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 24

False cause and effect(aka correlational error)- concluding that if 2 things occur at about the same time or in close sequence, one must cause the other.

Question 25

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 25

False analogy- concluding that if 2 things are alike in one respect, they must be a like in another respect.

Question 26

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 26

Glittering generality –making a positive, general statement that isn’t supported by specific details or evidence

Question 27

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 27

Straw man argument – distorting an opponents argument or position and then attacking it.

Question 28

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 28

Ad Hominem argument- attacking the person, not the persons argument

Question 29

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 29

Red Herring- bringing up an irrelevant issue that disguises or distracts attention from the Real issue being discussed or debated

Question 30

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 30

Smoke screen - intentionally disguising or camouflaging the truth by providing confusing on misleading explanations.

Question 31

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 31

Slippery slope – using fear tactics to argue that not accepting a position will result in a domino effect that is bad things would happen one after another- like a series of falling Domino’s.

Question 32

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 32

Rhetorical deception- using deceptive language to conclude that something is true without actually providing reasons or evidence.

Question 33

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 33

Circular reasoning- aka “ Begging the question “ - drawing a conclusion by merely rewording or restating one’s position without providing any supporting reasons or evidence, thus leaving the original question unanswered.

Question 34

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 34

Appealing to the authority or prestige- believing that authority figure of celebrity says it’s true, it must be true.

Question 35

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 35

Appealing to tradition or familiarity- concluding that if something has been considered to be true for a long time, or always has been done in a certain way, it must be true or must be the best way to do it.

Question 36

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 36

Appealing to popularity or the majority- aka jumping on the bandwagon- believing that if an idea is popular or held by the majority of people, it must be true.

Question 37

Major types of logical fallacies

Answer 37

Appealing to emotion- believing in something based on the emotional intensity of our reaction to an argument, rather than the quality of reasoning or evidence used to support the argument.

Question 38

Creative thinking

Answer 38

When you generate something new or different – an original idea, strategy, or work product you are thinking creatively.

Question 39

Divergent thinking

Answer 39

A form of creative thinking that allows you to go off in different directions and generate diverse ideas.

Question 40

Convergent thinking

Answer 40

A form of critical thinking in which you converge or focus in and narrow down the ideas, evaluating each of them for their effectiveness.

Question 41

The process of brainstorming

Answer 41

1. Generate as many ideas as you can, jotting them down rapidly without stopping to evaluate their validity or practicality.
2. Review the ideas you generated and use them as a springboard to trigger additional ideas or combine them into larger ideas.
3. After you run out of ideas, critically evaluate the list of ideas you have generated and eliminate those that you think are least effective.
4. From the remaining list of ideas, choose the best idea or best combination of ideas.

Question 42

Using higher-level thinking skills improve academic performance

Answer 42

1. Connect ideas you acquired in class with related ideas found in your assigned reading.
2. When listening to lectures and completing reading assignments, pay attention not only to the content being covered but also the thought process used to cover the content.
3. Periodically pause to reflect on your own thinking process .

Question 43

Strategies for increasing creativity

Answer 43

Be flexible
Be experimental
Get mobile
Get it down
Get diverse
Take breaks
Recognize the problem
Be persistent

Question 44

Key benefits of developing higher-level thinking skills

Answer 44

• Higher-level thinking is essential for success in today’s information age - a time when information is being generated at faster rates than at any other time in history.
• higher-level thinking skills are vital for citizens in a democratic nation.
• higher level thinking is an important safeguard against prejudice, discrimination and hostility.
• higher-level thinking helps preserve mental and physical health.