Chapter 8: Genetics

Question 0

inheritance

Answer 0

transmission of traits to offspring

Question 1

genetics

Answer 1

the study of inheritance

Question 2

gene

Answer 2

segment of DNA that has the information of a trait(encodes a protein, eye color, etc.)

Question 3

allele

Answer 3

different versions of a gene (eye color: green, blue, brown, etc)

Question 4

genotype

Answer 4

alleles an organism has for a specific gene, genetic makeup

Question 5

phenotype

Answer 5

appearance of a trait (blue eyes)

Question 6

genome

Answer 6

all of the genetic material of an organism

Question 7

chromosome

Answer 7

DNA that contains genes

Question 8

central dogma of biology

Answer 8

DNA➡️RNA➡️Protein

Question 9

transcription

Answer 9

the process of copying DNA information into RNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA by RNA polymerase.

Question 10

translation

Answer 10

RNA is used to make proteins. RNA is translated into proteins in ribosomes.

Question 11

Hersey and Chase

Answer 11

found that genes are made of DNA not protein

Question 12

Watson and Crick

Answer 12

discovered the model for DNA

Question 13

in DNA replication, the newly added nucleotide is joined to the growing DNA strand by…?

Answer 13

DNA ligase

Question 14

what carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes?

Answer 14

mRNA

Question 15

mutations in which one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA are called…?

Answer 15

frame shift mutations

Question 16

transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by…?

Answer 16

crossing over

Question 17

topoisomeriase and gyrase

Answer 17

two enzymes that relieve the coiling of DNA before DNA replication

Question 18

helicase

Answer 18

unwinds DNA

Question 19

DNA polymerase

Answer 19

adds the 3’ end of the new strand. only in DNA replication (polymerase is named after what it’s making)

Question 20

semiconservative

Answer 20

the new strand of DNA contains one daughter strand and one parental strand

Question 21

genetic code

Answer 21

redundant-amino acids are coded by more than one codon
unambiguous- a single codon never codes for more than one amino acid
universal- codons specify the same amino acids in all organisms
conservative- condones that specify the same amino acid have the same first two bases

Question 22

transcription

Answer 22

DNA➡️RNA!
mRNA-carries codes to make proteins
rRNA- part of the ribosome
tRNA-used in protein synthesis

Question 23

promotors

Answer 23

where RNA polymerase binds to DNA strand to start transcription

Question 24

three steps of transcription?

Answer 24

1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination- when RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence

Question 25

codon

Answer 25

a set of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 26

inducible operon

Answer 26

method of transcription control, lac operon (absence of lactose so repressors bind to operators, preventing transcription)

Question 27

repressible operon

Answer 27

method of transcription control

Question 28

repression

Answer 28

transcription control method- inhibits gene expression, repressors block RNA polymerase

Question 29

induction

Answer 29

method of transcription control

Question 30

operon

Answer 30

a set of genes that have a similar function that are controlled together

Question 31

missense mutation

Answer 31

point mutation changes amino acid sequence

Question 32

silent mutation

Answer 32

point mutation does not change amino acid sequence

Question 33

nonsense mutation

Answer 33

base substitution results in a nonsense codon

Question 34

frame shift mutation

Answer 34

nucleotides are deleted or added, changing the codons

Question 35

mutagens

Answer 35

chemicals that can alter nucleotides, cause mutations

Question 36

mutation rate

Answer 36

the probability a gene will mutate

Question 37

carcinogen testing

Answer 37

usually in animals, preliminary screening in bacteria

Question 38

Ames test

Answer 38

exposure of mutant bacteria to mutagens may cause mutations that reserve the original mutation