Chapter 8: From DNA to Protein

Question 1

Bacteriophage

Answer 1

Viruses that infect bacteria and create more viruses

Question 2

Nucleotide

Answer 2

Monomers that make up DNA
- Phosphate groupe, Deoxyribose sugar,nitrogen base

Question 3

Double Helix

Answer 3

2 strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder
- Held together by Hydrogen Bonds

Question 4

Base Pairing Rules

Answer 4

Adenine - Thymine / Cytoisine - Guanine
ATT CGC - TAA GCG
A/G have double rings (Purines)
C/T Have one ring (Pyridines)

Question 5

Replication

Answer 5

Process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle
- 1 strand of NDA is the template (Semiconservative)

Question 6

DNA Polymerase

Answer 6

Group of enzymes that bond nucleotides together after Replication
1: Enzymes unzip
2: Free Nucleotides Bond
3: 2 Identical DNA molecules formed

Question 7

Central Dogma

Answer 7

DNA - RNA - Protein
- Involves replication, transcription, and translation
- Replication and Transcription = Nucleus
- Translation = Cytoplasm

Question 8

RNA

Answer 8

Ribonucleic Acid
- Ribose Sugar (deo)
Uracil (Thymine)
Single Strand

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

Process of copying a sequence of DNA to make RNA

Question 10

RNA Polymerase

Answer 10

Enzymes that bond nucleotides together to make a train of new RNA

Question 11

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 11

Intermediates messages between 2 proteins

Question 12

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 12

Forms parts of Ribosomes

Question 13

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 13

Brings amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes to grow protein

Question 14

Translation

Answer 14

Process that converts/translates mRNA messages into a protein (polypeptide)
- Takes place in Cytoplasm
RNA - Protein

Question 15

Codon

Answer 15

A 3 nucleotides sequence that codes for amino acids

Question 16

Stop Codon

Answer 16

UAA , UAG, UGA
Shuts it off

Question 17

Start Codon

Answer 17

Methionine (MET)
Starts it up

Question 18

Anticodon

Answer 18

Set of 3 nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon

Question 19

Promoter

Answer 19

DNA segments that allow a gene to be transcribed
- Shows RNA Polymerase where to start

Question 20

Operon

Answer 20

Region of DNA that includes a promoter, operator, and 1+ genes that code for proteins

Question 21

Exon

Answer 21

Nucleotide segments that code for part of the protein

Question 22

Intron

Answer 22

Nucleotides that intervene between exons

Question 23

What experiments did Griffith do?

Answer 23

Studied 2 types of Pneumonia causing material (S&R)
- Live S killed Mice
-Live R & Dead S combined allowed the mice to live
“Transforming Principle”

Question 24

What experiments did Avery do?

Answer 24

Combined Live R with dead S strains
- “Transforming Principal”
Closely matched DNA Composition, not proteins

Question 25

What experiments did Hershey do?

Answer 25

Studied bacteriophages
Radioactivity tagged the protein and DNA
1.) Bacteria infected with sulfur = no radioactivity
2.) Bacteria infected with phosphorus = radioactivity
DNA is genetic material

Question 26

What experiments did Chase do?

Answer 26

Studied bacteriophages
Radioactivity tagged the protein and DNA
1.) Bacteria infected with sulfur = no radioactivity
2.) Bacteria infected with phosphorus = radioactivity
DNA is genetic material

Question 27

What experiments did Watson and Crick do?

Answer 27

Proposed DNA was made up of two chains of nucleotide pairs that encode genetic information
Discovered four organic bases and that they pair with each other

Question 28

What experiments did Rosalind Franklin do?

Answer 28

Used X-Ray diffraction
Her photo 51 first proposed the idea of a double helix

Question 29

What are the main characteristics of DNA?

Answer 29

Made up of four nucleotides
Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group
Two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds (like a ladder)
Two strand wrap around each other to form a double helix
Sugar Phosphate BackBone

Question 30

When/How does DNA Replication occur, and why is it important?

Answer 30

When: Occurs in S-Stage of interphase (after G1)
How: An opening of the double helix occurs and separation of DNA strands allows assembly of a new strand on one of the previous helix strands
Important: When a cell divides, two new sister cells must have same genetic information

Question 31

What is the difference between Transcription and translation? Where in the cell do they occur?

Answer 31

Translation produces proteins (occurs in the nucleus)
Transcription produces mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and non-coding RNA (occurs in cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 32

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 32

DNA is double stranded, uses adenine/thymine/cytosine/guanine, is a dioxyribose
RNA is single stranded , uses adenine/uracil/cytosine/guanine, is a ribose

Question 33

What are the 3 types and roles of RNA

Answer 33

Messenger (mRNA) - Intermediate messages DNA & proteins
Ribosomal (rRNA) - Forms part of ribosomes
Transfer (tRNA) - Brings amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes to grow protein

Question 34

Convert (ATT CGC) To mRNA

Answer 34

AUU GCG

Question 35

How does mRNA processing work

Answer 35

The enzyme RNA Polymerase uses DNA as a template to create a pre-mRNA
pre-mRNA turned into mature mRNA that can be translated to build protein

Question 36

What are the main types of mutation that occur in a DNA sequence

Answer 36

1.) Silent - one base replaced, but the same amino acid is produced (UUU - UUC)
2.) Missense - one base replaced, amino acid changed (UUU - AUU)
3.) Nonsense - one base replaced, amino acid changed to stop codon (UAU - UAA)
4.) Insertion - AUG-CAC-UAG - AUG-GCA-CUA-G
5.) Deletion - AUG-CAC-UAG - AUC-ACU-AG